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Modern scientific research has changed so much since Isaac Newton's day: it is more professional, collaborative and international, with more complicated equipment and a more diverse community of researchers. Yet the use of scientific journals to report, share and store results is a thread that runs through the history of science from Newton's day to ours. Scientific journals are now central to academic research and careers. Their editorial and peer-review processes act as a check on new claims and findings, and researchers build their careers on the list of journal articles they have published. The journal that reported Newton's optical experiments still exists. First published in 1665, and now fully digital, the Philosophical Transactions has carried papers by Charles Darwin, Dorothy Hodgkin and Stephen Hawking. It is now one of eleven journals published by the Royal Society of London.
Unrivalled insights from the Royal Society's comprehensive archives have enabled the authors to investigate more than 350 years of scientific journal publishing. The editorial management, business practices and financial difficulties of the Philosophical Transactions and its sibling Proceedings reveal the meaning and purpose of journals in a changing scientific community. At a time when we are surrounded by calls to reform the academic publishing system, it has never been more urgent that we understand its history.
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Contributor roles
Acknowledgements
Introduction: Origins Myths
Part I Invention, 1665-1750
1. The first Philosophical Transactions, 1665-1677
2. Repeated Reinventions, 1677-1696
3. Stabilising the Transactions, 1696-1752
4. The Transactions and the wider world, c.1700-1750
Part II Maturity and Institutionalisation, 1750-1820
5. For the Use and Benefit of the Society, 1750-1770
6. Sociability and Gatekeeping, 1770-1800
7. Circulating Knowledge, c.1780-1820
Part III The Professionalization of Science, 1820-1890
8. Reforms, Referees and the Proceedings, 1820-1850
9. Editing the Journals, 1850s-1870s
10. Scientific Publishing as Patronage, c.1860-1890
Part IV The Growth of Science, 1890-1950
11. The Rise of the Proceedings, 1890-1920s
12. Keeping the Publications Afloat, 1895-1930
13. Why do we Publish? 1932-1950
Part V The Business of Publishing, 1950-2015
14. Selling the Journals in the 1950s and 1960s
15. Survival in a Shrinking, Competitive Market, c.1970-1990
16. Money and Mission in the Digital Age, 1990-2015
Reflections: Learning from 350 years
Bibliography
Index
Aileen Fyfe is a Professor of Modern History at the University of St Andrews, UK. Noah Moxham is a specialist in the histories of early modern science and communication. Julie McDougall-Waters was a postdoctoral research fellow in History at the University of St Andrews from 2013-17, working on nineteenth- and early twentieth-century book trade and intellectual history. Camilla Mørk Røstvik is a Lecturer in Modern & Contemporary Art History at the University of Aberdeen, UK.
"A History of the Scientific Journals is a model work of scholarship: coherent, detailed, making extensive use of citation, and featuring a massive bibliography."
– Journal of Librarianship and Scholarly Communication
"This impressive piece of historical scholarship not only makes a significant contribution to the history of scientific publishing but also illustrates the remarkable possibilities of historical collaboration and open-access publication."
– Physics Today
"a tour de force of a book that will provide much for historians of science, of the early modern period, of publishing, of materials science, of social interactions and gentlemanly behaviours, of peer review and of the finances of the Royal Society. And much more besides."
– British Journal for the History of Science
"this book is important as it captures the history of the first ever science journals and their subsequent evolution"
– Journal of Applied Crystallography
"In this study, four historians recount and analyse the society's publishing history up to 2015 – including the journal Proceedings, launched in 1831 – with erudition and acuteness."
– Nature
