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This book is the self-contained fifth volume of a comprehensive seven-volume series covering both fundamental and applied aspects of nitrogen-fixation research since the 19th century. It addresses the issues arising from bacterial colonization of either the plant-root surface or other tissues as well as their modes of doing so. These associations are less formalized than the rhizobia-legume symbiosis but, as more and more of them are discovered, their myriad of effects on their plant hosts is becoming understood. Among the effects, in addition to often providing fixed nitrogen, plant growth can be promoted and plant diseases controlled. An understanding at the molecular level of the mechanisms by which these bacteria benefit crop productivity is an important issue in agriculture.
This book describes the milestones in the discovery of the associative and endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Azoarcus, Azospirillum, Gluconacetobacter, Herbaspirillum, and others) found intimately involved with cereal crops, forage grasses, and sugar cane. It provides a comprehensive overview of their phylogeny, physiology, and genetics as well as of the biology of their association with their host plants, including tools for in situ localization and population-dynamics analysis. There are also chapters describing the bacterial functions required for a bacterium to be competent and competitive in the rhizosphere; these include chemotactic response, adhesion and motility, enzymes and secondary-metabolite production, and synthesis of phytohormones, which play an important role in the association with the host plants. In addition, the plant's response to inoculation is reviewed.
The book also provides an up-to-date analysis of the different associations of cyanobacteria with fungi, diatoms, bryophytes, cycads, Azolla, and Gunnera, including the complex regulatory network that controls the differentiation of vegetative cells into nitrogen fixing heterocysts. No other available work provides the up-to-date and in-depth coverage of this volume, which is intended to serve as an indispensable reference work for academic, government, and industrial scientists working in the areas of plant microbiology, ecology, and genetics, including those studying plant growth and biocontrol; to assist students to enter this challenging area of research; and to provide science administrators with ready access to vital relevant information.
From the contentsPreface to the Series. Preface. List of Contributors. Dedication.-1. Historical Perspective: From Bacterization to Endophytes.- 2. Molecular Phylogeny and Ecology of Root-Associated Diazotrophic a- and b-Protobacteria.- 3. Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation and Ammonium Assimilation in Associative and Endophytic Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria.- 4. Chemotaxis in Soil Diazotrophs: Survival and Adaptive Response.- 5. Molecular Genetics of Rhizosphere and Plant-Root Colonization.- 6. Microbial Production of Plant Hormones.- 7. The Plant Growth-Promoting Effect and Plant Responses.- 8. Biocontrol of Plant Diseases by Associative and Endophytic Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria.- 9. Endophytic Associations of Azoarcus spp.- 10. Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Sugarcane.- 11. Heterocyst Differentiation and Nitrogen Fixation in Cyanobacteria.- 12. Cyanobacterial Associations.- 13. Prospects for Significant Nitrogen Fixation in Grasses from Bacterial Endophytes.- Subject Index.
