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This new edition has been revised throughout, and is now in full color. It provides more international perspective, and adds more case studies from around the world. It also addresses environmental law. Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology has been updated to include emerging issues and important themes and events such as the environmental accidents at Fukushima Japan and in the Gulf of Mexico. It details key environmental contaminants, explores their fates in the biosphere, and discusses bioaccumulation and the effects of contaminants at increasing levels of ecological organization.
SECTION ONE. GENERAL
Introduction
Historical Need for Ecotoxicology
Current Need for Ecotoxicology Expertise
Ecotoxicology
Ecotoxicology: A Synthetic Science
Introduction
Science, Technology and Practice
Scientific Goal
Technological Goal
Practical Goal
Summary
Major Classes of Contaminants
Introduction
Major Classes of Contaminants
Inorganic Contaminants .
Metals and Metalloids
Organometallic Compounds
Inorganic Gases
Anionic Contaminants Including Nutrients
Organic Compounds
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons and Chlorofluorocarbons
Organochlorine Alkenes
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Polyhalogenated Benzenes, Phenols, and Biphenyls
Polychlorinated Benzenes and Phenols
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (and Terphenyls)
Polybrominated Biphenyls
Polychlorinated Naphthalenes
Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans
Pesticides
Organochlorine
Organophosphorus
Carbamate
Pyrethrin and Pyrethroid
Herbicides (Will be expanded with atrazine vignette added)
Oxygen-demanding Compounds
Other Important Compounds
Additional Emerging Organic Contaminants of Concern
Radiations (Will be extensively rewritten for clarity and updated examples)
Expressing Radioactivity
Radionuclides
Ultraviolet Radiation
Infrared Radiation
Genetic Contaminants
Nanomaterials
Summary
Background Chemistry Concepts and Information
SECTION TWO: BIOACCUMULATION
Uptake, Biotransformation, Detoxification, Elimination and Accumulation
Introduction
Uptake
Introduction
Reaction Order
Biotransformation and Detoxification
General
Metals and Metalloids
Organic Compounds
Elimination
Elimination Mechanisms
Modeling Elimination
Accumulation
Summary
Factors Influencing Bioaccumulation
Introduction
General
Bioavailability
Chemical Qualities Influencing Bioavailability
Inorganic Contaminants
Bioavailability of Water
Bioavailability of Solid Phases
Organic Contaminants
Bioavailability of Water
Bioavailability of Solid Phases
Biological Qualities Influencing Bioaccumulation
Temperature-influenced Processes
Allometry
Other Factors
Summary
Bioaccumulation from Food and Trophic Transfer
Introduction
Quantifying Bioaccumulation from Food
Assimilation from Food
Trophic Transfer
Defining Trophic Position
Estimating Trophic Transfer
Inorganic Contaminants
Metals and Metalloids
Radionuclides
Organic Compounds
Summary (Include biomagnification possibilities for nanoparticles)
SECTION THREE. TOXICANT EFFECTS
Molecular Effects and Biomarkers
Introduction
Organic Compound Detoxification
Phase I Transformations
Phase II Transformations
Metallothioneins
Stress Proteins
Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response
DNA Modification
Enzyme Dysfunction and Substrate Pool Shifts
Summary
Cells, Tissues and Organs
Introduction
Cytotoxicity and Histopathology
Necrosis and Apotosis
Inflammation
Other General Effects
Gene and Chromosome Damage
Cancer
Gills as an Example
Liver as an Example
Summary
Sublethal Effects to Individuals
General
Selyean Stress
Growth
Development
Developmental Toxicology and Teratology
Fish Cardiac Development as an Example(Will use studies of oil spill effects)
Sexual Characteristics
Developmental Stability (Will be extensively rewritten for clarity)
Reproduction
Physiology
Immunology
Behavior
Detecting Sublethal Effects (Will be updated with reference to more recent publications)
The Conventional Approach
A Fundamental Issue to Resolve
Summary
Acute and Chronic Lethal Effects to Individuals
General
Overview
Acute, Chronic and Life Stage Lethality
Test Types
Up-and-Down Technique
Dose-Response
Basis for Dose-Response Models
Fitting Data to Dose-Response Models
Incipiency
Mixture Models
Survival Time
Basis for Time-Response Models
Fitting Survival Time Data
Incipiency
Mixture Models
Factors Influencing Lethality
Biotic Factors
Abiotic Factors
Summary
Effects on Populations
Overview
Epidemiology
Population Dynamics and Demography
Overview
General Population Response
Demographic Change
Energy Allocation by Individuals in Populations
Metapopulations (Insert and describe metapopulation concept, models and pollution effects on)
Population Genetics
Change in Genetic Qualities
Acquisition of Tolerance
Measuring and Interpreting Genetic Change
Summary
Effects on Communities and Ecosystems
Overview
Definitions and Qualifications
Context
General Assessment of Effects
Interactions Involving Two or a Few Species
Predation and Grazing
Competition
Community Qualities
General (Extensively update with modern metacommunity theory, also trophic cascades)
Structure
Community Indices (Introduce modern spatial context for indices)
Approaches to Measuring Community Structure
Function
Ecosystem Qualities
Summary
Landscape to Global Effects
General
Landscapes and Regions
Continents and Hemispheres (Will try to obtain honey bee decline vignette from EU member)
Biosphere
General
Ozone Depletion and UV
Global Movement of Persistent Organic Pollutants
Global Warming
Ocean Acidification (Will attempt to get coral/ocean acidification vignette)
Summary
SECTION FOUR. RISK FROM POLLUTANTS
Risk Assessment of Contaminants
Overview
Real and Perceived Risk
Logic of Risk Assessment
Expressions of Risk
Risk Assessment
Human Risk Assessment
General
Hazard Identification (Data Collection and Data Evaluation)
Exposure Assessment
Dose-Response Assessment
Risk Characterization
Summary
Ecological Risk Assessment
General
Problem Formulation
Analysis
Exposure Characterization
Ecological Effects Characterization
Risk Characterization
Summary
Radiation Risk Assessment (Will be extensively rewritten to improve clarity)
Types of Radiations and Their Effects
Expressing Radiation Dose and Effect
Models of Radiation Effect
Conclusion
SECTION FIVE. SUMMARY
Conclusions
Overview
Practical Importance of Ecotoxicology
Scientific Importance of Ecotoxicology
STUDY QUESTIONS
GLOSSARY
APPENDICES
REFERENCES
Michael C. Newman is a current professor of marine science at the College of William & Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science. His research interests include quantitative ecotoxicology, environmental statistics, risk assessment, population effects of contaminants, metal chemistry and effects, and bioaccumulation and biomagnification modeling. In addition to roughly 145 articles, he authored six books and edited another six on these topics. In 2004, the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry awarded him its Founder’s Award, "the highest SETAC award, given to a person with an outstanding career who has made a clearly identifiable contribution in the environmental sciences."
"This is the ideal. Comprehensive and up to date book on how chemical affect organisms and ecosystems. By including 30 vignettes the author has succeeded in bringing independent state of the science perspectives from a variety of experts. [...] It is a 'must have' text on the shelves of students and practitioners of ecotoxicology."
– Don Mackay, Trent University, Ontario, Canada
