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Managing Coastal and Inland Waters examines pre-existing management systems in fishing communities in Indonesia, Laos, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.
Besides the erroneous assumption that tropical fisheries are `open access', the cases demonstrate that pre-existing systems (1) are concerned with the community of fishers and ensuring community harmony and continuity; (2) involve flexible, multiple and overlapping rights adapted to changing needs and circumstances; (3) that fisheries are just one component of a community resource assemblage and depend on both the good management of linked upstream ecosystems and risk management to ensure balanced nutritional resources of the community; and (4) pre-existing systems are greatly affected by a constellation of interacting external pressures.
1. An Introduction to Pre-Existing Local Management Systems in Southeast Asia
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Why Pre-Existing Systems are Overlooked
1.3 Geographical Distribution of Pre-Existing Fisheries Management Systems
1.4 Status of Information on Pre-Existing Systems in Southeast Asia
1.4.1 Indonesia
1.4.2 Laos
1.4.3 Philippines
1.4.4 Thailand
1.4.5 Vietnam
1.5 Management Functions and Approaches
1.6 Basic Design Principles of Pre-Existing Systems
1.6.1 Authority or Leadership
1.6.2 Rights
1.6.3 Rules
1.6.4 Monitoring, Accountability & Enforcement
1.6.5 Sanctions
1.7 Success Stories
1.8 Contents of this Book
1.9 References
2. Pre-Existing Fisheries Management Systems in Indonesia, Focusing on Lombok and Maluku
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Awig-Awig of North Lombok
2.2.1 The Sawen System
2.2.2 Awig-Awig: Revitalization of Sawen
2.2.2.1 The Protection of Marine Fisheries Resources: Fishers' Council of Northern Lombok
2.2.2.2 Prevention of Destructive Fishing Practices: The Awig-Awig Sari Laut, Bayan Sub-District
2.2.2.3 Coral Reef Management and Prohibiting Destructive Fishing
2.3 The Maluku Case
2.3.1 Petuanan Laut
2.3.2 Sasi
2.3.2.2 An Interpretation of Sasi
2.4 Institutional Performance
2.4.1 Clearly Defined Territorial Boundary
2.4.2 Legitimacy and Enforceability of Rules
2.4.3 Monitoring
2.4.4 Graduated Sanctions
2.4.5 Legitimate Authority
2.5 National Policy on Pre-Existing Fisheries Management
2.6 Conclusions
2.7 References
3. Open To All? Reassessing Capture Fisheries Tenure Systems in Southern Laos
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 The Tragedy of The Commons
3.2. The Fisheries
3.2.1: Fence-Filter (Tone) and Wing Traps (Li) in The Mekong River
3.2.2 Khone Falls Tone Trap Fishery
3.2.3 Khone Falls Li Fishery
3.2.4 Khone Falls Tone and Li Tenure
3.2.5 Fence-Filter Trap (Tone) and Wing-Trap (Li) Fishing Along Seasonal and Perennial Streams
3.2.5.1 Stream Tone and Li Fisheries
3.2.5.2 Stream Tone and Li Tenure
3.2.6 Pit-Trap (Loum Pa) Fishing in Swamps
3.2.6.1 Pit-Trap Tenure
3.3 The Nature of Tenure and Governance
3.4 Conclusions
3.5 Acknowledgements
3.6 References
4. Seasonal Ritual and the Regulation of Fishing In Batanes Province, Philippines
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Indigenous or 'Pre-Existing' Marine Resources Property Rights Regimes in The Philippines
4.2.1 The Tagbanua Model
4.2.2 The Visayan Fishers' Model
4.2.3 The Mataw Fishers of Batanes Province
4.2.3.1 The Vanua as Meaningful Unit of Organization
4.2.3.2 Inside the Vanua: Leadership, 'Laws' And Ritual Regulation of Seasonal Fishing Activities
4.2.3.3 The Fishing Schedule and the Community Economy
4.3 Conclusion
4.4 Acknowledgements
4.5 References
5. Pre-Existing Inland Fisheries Management in Thailand: The Case of the Lower Songkhram River Basin
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 The Lower Songkhram River Basin
5.1.2 Fisheries in the LSRB
5.1.3 Occupation and Dependency on Fisheries
5.1.4 Fisheries Household Economics
5.1.5 Fishers' Perception of the Condition of Fisheries Resources
5.2 Property Rights System in Fisheries Management in the LSRB
5.2.1 Customary Rights Over Fishing Grounds
5.2.2 Returning Rights from Private to Common Property in Barrage Fishing
5.2.3 The Barrage Fishery: Local Institutions Governing a Common Property
5.2.4 Conflict Between Local and Legal Rights in Fisheries Management
5.2.5 Degree of Traditional of Collective Action and Decision Making
5.3 Fishers' Perception of Collective Action and Responsibility for Fisheries Management
5.3.1 Attitudes of Fishers Toward Leadership
5.3.2 Customary Rules: Community Management of Fisheries Resources
5.3.2.1 Local Communities Establish Local Fishery Rules to Manage Community Ponds
5.3.2.2 Local Community Establishment of Fish Conservation Zones
5.4 Conclusion
5.5 Acknowledgements
5.6 References
6. Vietnam: The Van Chai System of Social Organization and Fisheries Community Management
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Village Structure and Management: A Prerequisite to Understanding the Van Chai
6.1.2 Key Differences Between Water- and Land-based Villages
6.2 'Floating Village'
6.2.1 The Administration of 'Floating Village' Van Chai
6.2.2 Management Structure of Van Chai in the Lagoons of Thua Thien Hue Province
6.2.3 Structure, Relationships and Institutional Formulation in 'Floating Village' Van Chai
6.2.4 The Relationship Between a 'Floating Village' Van Chai and its Host Farming Village
6.3 The 'Guild-Type' Van Chai
6.3.1 The Structure of Traditional Villages in the South-Central Region
6.4 Van Chai -- The Focus for Fishers' Spiritual Activities
6.4.1 The Structure of 'Guild Type' Van Chai-Based Fisheries Management
6.4.1.1 Van Administration
6.4.1.2 Mutual Assistance
6.5 The Design Principles of Van Chai
6.5.1 Rights
6.5.1.1 Primary Rights
6.5.1.2 Right Conveyed by Proximity to Residence
6. 5.1.3 The Right of Transfer and Loan
6.5.1.4 Shared Rights
6.5.2 Rules
6.5.2.1 First-Comer's Rule
6.5.2.2 The Definition of Fishing Territories
6.5.2.3 Inter-Community Access Rules
6.5.2.4 Gear Rules
6.5.2.5 Temporal Allocation Rules
6.5.2.6 Conservation Rules
6.5.2.7 Distribution of Catch Rules
6.5.2.8 Rules Pertaining to Relationships Among Boat Owners, Captains and Crew
6.5.2.9 Operational Rules
6.5.3 Monitoring and Accountability
6.5.4 Conflict Resolution
6.5.5 Sanctions
6.6 Concluding Comments
6.7 References
7. Conclusion - Errors & Insights
7.1 The Hegemonic Capitalistic-Industrial Model
7.2 The Mismanagement of Tropical Nearshore Fisheries
7.3 Centralization Versus Decentralization
7.4 Differing Perceptions of the New Western Decentralized Management Concepts
7.5 Poorly Examined Basic Issues
7.5.1 Managing Fishing Communities Not Fisheries
7.5.2 Complex, Flexible and Dual Rights Systems
7.5.2.1 Complex Systems
7.5.2.2 Local Change in Rights Systems
7.5.2.3 Local Acceptance of Illegal Gear and the Conflict Between Local and State Rights
7.6 Fisheries Are Just One Component of a Community Resource Assemblage
7.7 Change
7.8 References
Author Index
Subject Index
