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Internationally recognized leading scientists provide a comprehensive account of the current knowledge on all aspects of the parasitic syndrome within the Orobanchaceae and of the available means for parasitic weed management.
1. Introduction: The parasitic syndrome in higher plants
Henning S. Heide-Jørgensen
1.1 Parasitism in plants
1.2 Hemi- and holoparasitism
1.3 The haustorium
1.4 Dispersal and germination strategies
1.5 Host range
1.6 Geographical distribution
1.7 The parasitic plant families
1.8. Parasite look-alike
References
Part I: The Orobanchaceae and their parasitic mechanisms
2. The haustorium and the life cycles of parasitic Orobanchaceae
Daniel M. Joel
2.1 How do we define the haustorium in the Orobanchaceae?
2.2 Life cycles of facultative and obligate Orobanchaceae
References
3. Functional structure of the mature haustorium
Daniel M. Joel
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Haustorium diversity
3.3 Lateral and terminal haustoria
3.4 Morphological features of terminal haustoria
3.5 Roots of hemiparasites
3.6 Morphological features of lateral haustoria
3.7 The anatomical complexity of haustoria
3.8 Tissue organization within the mature haustorium
3.9 The conductive system
3.10 Developmental aspects of the vascular system
3.11 The mature endophyte
3.12 The haustorial neck
3.13 The base of lateral haustoria
3.14 The base of terminal haustoria
3.15 Exceptional haustoria
3.16 Are haustoria homologous to roots?
3.17 Concluding remarks
References
4. Haustorium initiation and early development
Pradeepa C.G. Bandaranayake and John I. Yoder
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Early haustorium development
4.3 Haustorium initiation factors
4.4 Haustorium signal transduction
4.5 Evolutionary origins
4.6 Conclusions
References
5. Haustorium invasion into host tissues
Alejandro Pérez-de-Luque
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Preparing for penetration
5.3 Penetration
5.4 Duration of penetration
5.5 Avoiding defences: tricks of war
5.6 Conclusions
References
6. The physiology of the established parasite-host association
James H. Westwood
6.1 General physiological considerations
6.2 Nutrient acquisition and transport
6.3 Direction of movement
6.4 Hormone interactions
6.5 Macromolecules
6.6 Conclusions
References
7. Host reaction to attack by root parasitic plants
Michael P. Timko and Julie D. Scholes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 General mechanisms of host resistance
7.3 Histological characteristics of the host resistance responses
7.4 Genetic Basis of Resistance
7.5 Cell signalling and gene expression in host defence responses
7.6 Conclusions and perspective
References
8. Seed production and dispersal in the Orobanchaceae
Daniel M. Joel
References
9. The seed and the seedling
Daniel M. Joel and Hilla Bar
9.1 Surface structure
9.2 Anatomy
9.3 Water absorption
9.4 Site of signal perception
9.5 Nutrient transfer during germination
9.6 The seedling
9.7 Concluding remarks
References
10. Induction of germination
Koichi Yoneyama, Carolien Ruyter-Spira, Harro Bouwmeester
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Strigolactones
10.3 Non-strigolactone germination stimulants
10.4 Can germination be a target in the control of parasitic weeds?
10.5 Concluding remarks
References
11. Germination eco-physiology
Alistair J. Murdoch and Ermias Kebreab
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Seed survival in dry storage
11.3 Seed survival in moist storage
11.4 Dormancy and quiescence
11.5 From relief of dormancy to the initiation of germination
11.6 Germination
11.7 Conclusion
References
12. Are karrikin signalling mechanisms relevant to strigolactone perception?
David C. Nelson
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Karrikins, germination stimulants found in smoke
12.3 Regulation of plant development by karrikins and strigolactones
12.4 Karrikin and strigolactone responses are MAX2-dependent
12.5 KAI2 and D14 are required for specific responses to karrikins and strigolactones
12.6 Common elements of karrikin, strigolactone, and gibberellin signalling
12.7 D14/DAD2 is a candidate receptor for strigolactones
12.8 What can Arabidopsis thaliana tell us about parasitic weed germination?
12.9 Conclusion
References
13. Changing host specificities: by mutational changes or epigenetic reprogramming?
Toby J.A. Bruce and Jonathan Gressel
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Static evidence for intraspecific variation in host specificity
13.3 Evidence for rapid dynamic intraspecific changes in host specificity
13.4 Critically differentiating between classical genetic evolution and epigenetic adaptation
13.5 Does it matter to parasite management whether classical genetic evolution o epigenetic adaptation?
References
14. Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary trends in Orobanchaceae
Gerald M. Schneeweiss
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Phylogenetic relationships
14.3 Phylogenetic relationships of weedy taxa
14.4 Evolutionary trends: some examples
14.5 Outlook
References
15. Genomic evolution in Orobanchaceae
Susann Wicke
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The nuclear genome
15.3 The plastid genome
15.4 The mitochondrial genome
15.5 Horizontal DNA transfer
15.6 Conclusions
References
16. Ecology of hemi-parasitic Orobanchaceae with special reference to their interaction with plant communities
Duncan D. Cameron and Gareth K. Phoenix
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Interactions between parasitic plants and their hosts at the individual scale
16.3 Orobanchaceae in plant communities: multiple impacts, multiple consequences
16.4 Interactions across multiple trophic levels
16.5 Parasitic plant impacts on nutrient cycling
16.6 Conclusions and future directions
References
Part II: The weedy Orobanchaceae and their control
17. Weedy Orobanchaceae – The problem
Jonathan Gressel and Daniel Joel
18. The parasitic weeds of the Orobanchaceae
Chris Parker
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The weedy broomrapes: Orobanche and Phelipanche species
18.3 The weedy witchweeds: Striga species
18.4 Alectra species
18.5 Rhamphicarpa fistulosa
18.6 Other Orobanchaceae occasionally proving weedy
18.7 Conclusion
References
19. Population diversity and dynamics of parasitic weeds
Belén Román
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Genetic diversity and population dynamics
19.3 Impacts of life history on population demography and genetics
19.4 Future prospects
References
20. Molecular diagnosis of parasite seed banks
Jane Prider, Kathy Ophel Keller and Alan McKay
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Sample collection
20.3 Test development
20.4 Test validation
20.5 Test applications
20.6 Other applications
20.7 Conclusions
References
21. Marker-assisted and physiology-based breeding for resistance to Orobanchaceae
Begoña Pérez-Vich, Leonardo Velasco, Patrick J. Rich and Gebisa Ejeta
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Physiology-based breeding
21.3 Marker assisted breeding
References
22. Integrated agronomic management of parasitic weed seed banks
Yaakov Goldwasser and Jonne Rodenburg
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Phytosanitary measures
22.3 Reduction of parasite seed production and crop damage
22.4 Methods to reduce existing seed banks
22.5 Integrating agronomic management practices
22.6 Conclusions
References
23. Chemical control
Hanan Eizenberg, Joseph Hershenhorn, Jhonathan H. Ephrath, and Fred Kanampiu
23.1 Introduction -the complexity of chemical control of parasitic weeds
23.2 Herbicides
23.3 The use of herbicides and fumigants
23.4 Models for optimizing herbicide application
23.5 Broomrape control by herbicide-resistant crops
23.6 New and future approaches
23.7 Conclusions
References
24. Biotechnologies for directly generating crops resistant to parasites
Jonathan Gressel
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Target site herbicide resistances
24.3 When will the parasites evolve herbicide resistance?
24.4 Biotechnologically directly conferring crop resistance to the parasites
24.5 Other biotechnological approaches
24.6 Conclusions
References
25. Allelopathy
John A. Pickett, Antony M. Hooper, Charles A.O. Midega and Zeyaur R. Khan
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Allelopathic mechanism by which Desmodium controls Striga in maize
25.3 Long term needs
25.4 Conclusions
References
26. Biocontrol
Alan K. Watson
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Insects attacking broomrapes and witchweeds
26.3 Biocontrol of parasitic weeds with microorganisms
26.4 Path to commercialization of a Striga bioherbicide
26.5 Conclusions and future possibilities
References
Index
