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Reflecting the broad and interdisciplinary nature of toxicology, this third edition of Principles of Toxicology explores the biochemical, physiological, and environmental aspects of the subject. This new edition is updated and revised to include reference to several major new directions in the science of toxicology, including significant changes in thinking about cancer and carcinogenesis as well as the rapid expansion of toxicogenomics.
Principles of Toxicology, Third Edition also includes new chapters on topics of timely interest such as radiation, food safety, and natural toxins. As in previous editions, chapters combine background material in the appropriate discipline-which helps readers review and remember the basics-with new information on toxicology to stress key principles and concepts. Also included is a selection of updated case studies through which principles and concepts are applied to real-world issues.
Principles of Toxicology, Third Edition features an extensive cross-referencing system linking all sections and enhancing the integration of material, thus helping readers tie it all together. It also includes an appendix of selected toxicants that describes chemical structure, category of use, and toxicity. These features make specific information quick and easy to find. The easy-to-follow format and clear presentation of information in Principles of Toxicology will make this one of the most useful references on your shelf.
Measuring Toxicity and Assessing Risk
- Introduction
- Chemistry of Toxicants
- Toxicity Testing Methods
- Factors to be Considered in Planning Toxicity Testing
- The LD50 (Median Lethal Dose) Experiment
- No Observed Adverse Effect Levels
- Mixtures
- Toxicity, Hazard, and Risk
- Case Study: Risk, Perception, and Vaccination
- Bibliography
Toxicokinetics
- Introduction
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Elimination
- Toxicokinetic Models
- Contrasting Kinetics of Lipophilic Substances
- Bibliography
Biotransformation
- Introduction
- Primary Biotransformation (Phase I Reactions): Hydrolysis
- Primary Biotransformation (Phase I Reactions): Oxidation
- Primary Biotransformation (Phase I Reactions): Reduction
- Secondary Metabolism (Phase II Reactions)
- Factors that Influence Metabolism
- Bibliography
Cellular Sites of Action
- Introduction
- Interaction of Toxicants with Proteins
- Effects of Toxicants on Lipids
- Effects of Toxicants on Nucleic Acids
- Mechanisms of Cell Death
- Case Study: Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors
- Bibliography
Genomics and New Genetics in Toxicology
- Introduction
- The Human Genome Project
- Toxicogenomics
- Metabolomics
- Personalized Susceptibility and Tailored Therapeutics
- Race, Ethics, and Genomics
- Systems Toxicology
- Case Study: Using GenBank and Online Tools in Genomics
- Bibliography
Carcinogenesis
- Cancer
- The Epidemiology of Cancer
- Carcinogenesis
- Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
- Chemical Carcinogens: Initiation
- Chemical Carcinogens: Promotion
- Protection against the Development of Cancer
- Testing Compounds for Carcinogenicity
- Critiques of Strategies in Cancer Research
- Carcinogenesis: A Complex Process
- Case Study: Predicting Carcinogenesis Based upon
- Chemistry (QSAR)
- Bibliography
Reproductive Toxicology and Teratology
- Introduction
- Basic Processes in Reproduction and Development: Cell Division
- The Male Reproductive System
- The Female Reproductive System
- The Effects of Toxicants on the Male and Female Reproductive Systems
- The Process of Development
- Embryogenesis and Developmental Genetics
- Effects of Toxicants on Development: Teratogens and
- Teratogenesis
- Testing for Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
- Case Study: Thalidomide
- Bibliography
Respiratory Toxicology
- Function of the Respiratory System
- Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System
- Pulmonary Ventilation
- Effects of Toxicants on the Respiratory System: General Principles
- Defense Mechanisms of the Respiratory System
- Exposure to Respiratory Toxicants
- Immediate Responses to Respiratory Toxicants: Mechanisms
- Immediate Responses to Respiratory Toxicants: Effects on
- Upper and Lower Airways
- Delayed and Cumulative Responses to Respiratory Toxicants
- Inhalation Studies
- Case study: Nanoparticles
- Bibliography
Cardiovascular Toxicology
- Function of the Cardiovascular System
- Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart
- Effects of Toxicants on the Heart
- The Vascular System
- Effects of Toxicants on the Vascular System
- The Blood
- Effects of Toxicants on the Blood
- Effects of Toxicants on Platelets and Coagulation
- Bibliography
Neurotoxicology
- Function of the Nervous System
- Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System
- Effects of Toxicants on the Nervous System: General Principles
- Effects of Toxicants on the Nervous System: General Categories
- Effects of Toxicants on Electrical Conduction
- Effects of Toxicants on Synaptic Function
- Axonopathies
- Myelinopathies
- Effects of Toxicants Directly on Neurons and Glial Cells
- Other Neurotoxicants
- Effects on Special Sensory Organs
- Developmental Effects
- Methods in Neurotoxicology
- Case Study: Botulinum Toxin
- Bibliography
Hepatic Toxicology
- Anatomy and Physiology of the Liver
- Function of the Liver
- Types of Toxicant-Induced Liver Injury
- Response to Liver Injury
- Evaluating Liver Injury and Treating Disease
- Case Study: Reye’s Syndrome
- Bibliography
Renal Toxicology
- Function of the Kidneys
- Anatomy and Physiology of the Kidneys
- Effects of Toxicants on the Kidney: General Principles
- Damage to the Glomerulus
- Damage to the Proximal Tubule
- The Remainder of the Tubule
- Measurement of Kidney Function In Vivo
- Measurement of Kidney Function In Vitro
- Compensation following Renal Damage
- Bibliography
Immunotoxicology
- Function of the Immune System
- Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms
- Specific Defense Mechanisms
- Effects of Toxicants on the Immune System
- Methods for Studying Immunotoxicity
- Bibliography
Ecological Toxicology
- Introduction
- Effects of Toxicants at the Population Level
- Effects of Toxicants at the Community Level
- Effects of Toxicants at the Ecosystem Level
- Examples of Ecosystems and Vulnerability to Impact by Toxicants
- Case Study: Plastic Debris in the Marine Environment
- Climate Change and Ecotoxicology
- Ecotoxicological Testing Methods
- Bibliography
Applications: Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Basic Principles of Pharmacology
- Drug Development and the Role of Toxicology
- Preclinical Studies
- Clinical Studies
- Generic Drugs
- Toxicogenomics and Drug Safety
- The Return of Natural Products: Regulatory Issues
- Bibliography
Applications: Forensic Toxicology
- Analytical Toxicology
- Forensic Toxicology and Alcohol Use
- Forensic Toxicology and Illegal Drug Use
- Criminal Poisonings
- Bibliography
Applications: Environmental Toxicology and Pollution
- Air Pollution
- Water Pollution
- Toxic Wastes
- Case Study: Pharmaceuticals in the Water Supply
- Bibliography
Applications: Radiation
- Basic Types of Radiation
- Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Biological Tissues
- Sources of Ionizing Radiation
- Physiological Effects of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
- Nonionizing Radiation
- Radiation Safety
- Case Study: Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima
- Bibliography
Applications: Food Safety
- Food Additives
- Chemical Contaminants in Foods
- Transgenic Foods
- Regulations and Regulatory Agencies
- Bibliography
Applications: Toxins
- Toxins
- Bacterial Toxins
- Protist Toxins
- Fungal Toxins
- Plant Toxins
- Animal Toxins
- Bibliography
Appendix: List of Selected Toxicants
Index
Karen E. Stine, PhD, is a professor of Biology and former dean of the School of Sciences at Auburn University at Montgomery in Alabama, USA. She has also served as the director of the undergraduate toxicology program at Ashland University in Ohio. She earned her PhD in toxicology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Dr. Stine is a member of the Society of Toxicology and the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. At Clemson University, Dr. Stine co-developed and co-taught a Principles of Toxicology course that was open to both undergraduate and graduate students. Her research interests are in the area of mechanisms of toxicity and focus on the role of stress proteins in cellular function and dysfunction. Dr. Stine has also authored or co-authored several research publications in the field of toxicology.
Thomas Miller Brown, PhD, is president of Genectar Com LLC in Whitefish, Montana, USA which conducts research in toxicology, genetics, and genomics, now focusing on pigment cell development in the common wood nymph butterfly as a melanoma model. He earned his PhD from Michigan State University. Formerly a professor, Dr. Brown taught Toxicology of Insecticides, Principles of Toxicology, and Insect Biotechnology. He also led the discovery of an actively transposing short interspersed nuclear element (Insect Science 16:219-226). He has published papers on the biochemical toxicology of organophosphorus compounds and on the mechanisms of insecticide resistance in insects. Dr. Brown has also conducted research at Nagoya University and Tsukuba Science City in Japan.
