A Monograph of Enterographa and Sclerophyton

About this book

A monograph of the lichen genus Enterographa (Arthoniales: Roccellaceae) is presented. In its new circumscription, the genus comprises 35 species, including corticolous, foliicolous, saxicolous and lichenicolous species. It is mainly distributed in the tropics and shows a high degree of endemism in especially the foliicolous species. Spore ontogeny, size, septation, excipulum structure, secondary compounds and thallus structure proved to be the most important characters for delimitation of the species and genera. The genus Sclerophyton (Arthoniales: Roccellaceae) is enlarged to accommodate species with hyaline, macrocephalic spores, relatively thick septa, clavate-cylindrical asci and ascomata in pseudostromata formerly included in Enterographa and comprises 14 species. The genus Sclerophytonomyces (Arthoniales: Roccellaceae) is reinstated to accomodate species with wide paraphysoids and pigmented ascospores. The genus Llimonaea (Arthoniales: Roccellaceae) is enlarged with two species formerly included in Sclerophyton that possess ascomata with a well-developed and carbonized excipulum and pigmented ascospores.

The following 18 new species are described: Dirina insulae-howensis, Enterographa albopunctata, E. elixii, E. kalbii, E. pertusarioides Groenhart ex Sparrius, E. seawardii Lücking & Henssen in Sparrius, E. sipmanii, E. tropica, E. zephyri, Sclerophyton aptrootii, S. desertorum, S. fluorescens, S. madagascariense, S. murex Egea & Torrente ex Sparrius, S. murifome, S. syncesioides, S. trinidadense and S. vertex.

The following 10 new combinations are proposed: Dirina follmannii (C. W. Dodge) Sparrius, D. neozelandica (Redinger) Sparrius, Enterographa multilocularis (Müll. Arg.) Sparrius, Llimonaea californica (Tuck.) Sparrius, L. cerebriformis (Egea & Torrente) Sparrius, Mazosia leptosticta (Nyl.) Sparrius, Sarcographa maculata (A.W. Archer) Aptroot & Sparrius, Sclerophyton extenuatum (Nyl.) Sparrius, S. seriale (Ach.) Sparrius and Sclerophytonomyces circumscriptus (Taylor) Sparrius & P. James. Enterographa vezdai Sparrius is a nomen novum for E. effusa Vézda.

Contents

Abstract 6
1. Introduction 8
2. Historical Background 8
3. Materials 9
4. Methods 9
5. Morphology 10
6. Diagnostic Chemistry 14
7. Ecology and Phytogeography 14
8. Key to the Genera 20
9. Enterographa Fée 21
Key to the Species of Enterographa 22
      Enterographa albopunctata Sparrius 25
      Enterographa anguinella (Nyl.) Redinger 25
      Enterographa angustissima (Vain.) R. Sant. 27
      Enterographa bartlettii Sérus. 28
      Enterographa batistae Lücking & Sérus. 29
      Enterographa bella R. Sant. 30
      Enterographa byssoidea Lücking 31
      Enterographa compunctula (Nyl.) Redinger 31
      Enterographa crassa (DC.) Fée 32
      Enterographa deslooveri Sérus. 35
      Enterographa divergens (Müll. Arg.) Redinger 36
      Enterographa elaborata (Leight.) Coppins & P. James 37
      Enterographa elixii Sparrius 39
      Enterographa falcata Lücking & V. Wirth 40
      Enterographa foliicola Lücking & Matzer 41
      Enterographa hutchinsiae (Leight.) A. Massal. 41
      Enterographa kalbii Sparrius 43
      Enterographa leucolyta (Nyl.) Redinger 44
      Enterographa mazosiae R. Sant. ex Matzer & R. Sant. 45
      Enterographa micrographa (Nyl.) Redinger 46
      Enterographa multilocularis (Müll. Arg.) Sparrius 47
      Enterographa multiseptata R. Sant. 48
      Enterographa pallidella (Nyl.) Redinger 49
      Enterographa perez-higaredae Herrera-Campos & Lücking 51
      Enterographa pertusarioides Groenhart ex Sparrius 52
      Enterographa pitardii (B. de Lesd.) Redinger 53
      Enterographa quassiaecola Fée 54
      Enterographa seawardii Lücking & Henssen 56
      Enterographa sipmanii Sparrius 57
      Enterographa sorediata Coppins & P. James 58
      Enterographa subgelatinosa (Stirt.) Redinger 59
      Enterographa subserialis (Nyl.) Redinger 60
      Enterographa tropica Sparrius 61
      Enterographa vezdai Sparrius 63
      Enterographa zephyri Sparrius.64
10. Sclerophyton Eschw. 65
Key to the Species of Sclerophyton 67
      Sclerophyton aptrootii Sparrius 68
      Sclerophyton desertorum Sparrius 69
      Sclerophyton elegans Eschw. 70
      Sclerophyton extenuatum (Nyl.) Sparrius 71
      Sclerophyton fluorescens Sparrius72
      Sclerophyton madagascariense Sparrius 73
      Sclerophyton murex Egea & Torrente ex Sparrius 74
      Sclerophyton muriforme Sparrius 75
      Sclerophyton rostratum Egea & Torrente 76
      Sclerophyton seriale (Ach.) Sparrius 77
      Sclerophyton stigmaticum (Krempelh.) Sparrius 78
      Sclerophyton syncesioides Sparrius 79
      Sclerophyton trinidadense Sparrius 80
      Sclerophyton vertex Sparrius 81
11. Species Placed in Other Genera 84
Sclerophytonomyces Cif. & Tomas. 84
      Sclerophytonomyces circumscriptus (Taylor) Sparrius & P. James 85
Dirina Fr. .87
      Dirina insulae-howensis Sparrius 87
      Dirina follmannii (C.W. Dodge) Sparrius 88
      Dirina neozelandica (Redinger) Sparrius 89
Llimonaea Egea & Torrente 90
Key to the Species of Llimonaea 90
      Llimonaea californica (Tuck.) Sparrius91
      Llimonaea cerebriformis (Egea & Torrente) Sparrius 91
12. Excluded and Doubtful Taxa 92
      Enterographa albinea (Nyl.) C. W. Dodge 92
      Enterographa atacamensis C.W. Dodge 92
      Enterographa capensis A. Massal. 92
      Enterographa carassensis (Vain.) Redinger 92
      Enterographa carnea (Eckfeldt) R.C. Harris 92
      Enterographa chilensis (Zahlbr.) C. W. Dodge 93
      Enterographa cyclocarpa (Zahlbr.) Redinger 93
      Enterographa dendritica (Leight.) P. James 93
      Enterographa effusa (Fée) A. Massal 93
      Enterographa fauriei Zahlbr. 93
      Enterographa flotowii A. Massal 94
      Enterographa fraterculans Müll. Arg. 94
      Enterographa frustulosa (Krempelh.) Müll. Arg. 94
      Enterographa galactina (Zahlbr.) Redinger 94
      Enterographa graphidioides (Leight.) Almb. 94
      Enterographa insulana C. Tav. 95
      Enterographa italica B. de Lesd. 95
      Enterographa pernambucensis Bat. 95
      Enterographa pernambucensis var. psychotriae Bat. & H. Maia 95
      Enterographa pertricosa Krempelh. 95
      Enterographa pseudorufescens (B. de Lesd.) Redinger 95
      Enterographa rimata (Flot. ex Nyl.) Zwackh. 96
      Enterographa rufescens (Vain.) Redinger 96
      Enterographa trypethelioides Müll. Arg. 96
      Enterographa vanderbylii (Zahlbr.) Redinger 96
      Enterographa verrucarioides (Fée) Müll. Arg. 96
      Enterographa zwackhii (Zwackh) A. Massal. 97
      Mazosia leptosticta (Nyl.) Sparrius 97
      Mazosia ocellata (Nyl.) R.C. Harris 97
      Opegrapha zonata Körber 98
      Sarcographa elmeri (Vain.) Sipman 98
      Sarcographa maculata (A.W. Archer) Aptroot & Sparrius 99
      Sclerophyton actinoboloides Zahlbr. 99
      Sclerophyton colliculosum Mont. 99
      Sclerophyton conspicuum A.W. Archer 99
      Sclerophyton dendrizans (Nyl.) Zahlbr. 100
      Sclerophyton occidentale Herre100
      Stigmatidium diffusum Nyl. 100
      Stigmatidium phaeosporellum Nyl. 100
      Verrucaria cincta Hepp 100
13. Acknowledgements 102
14. References 103
Figures 109
Index of Names 136

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