Exposer l'Humanité provides the first full account of French anthropology as an academic discipline, with a special emphasis on the late Third Republic and Vichy. It demonstrates how entangled the scientific notions of race and culture were from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century, and investigates the role that two generations of professionalizing anthropologists – and their museums – played in enabling modern racism and anti-racism. Alice Conklin thus offers new insight into the thorny relationship between science, society, and empire at the high water mark of French imperialism and European fascism.