Protocols for Macroalgae Research

About this book

Protocols for Macroalgae Research describes state-of-the-art approaches and applications in seaweed research. The book is comprised of 31 protocols in all and provides critical information regarding the cultivation and preservation of seaweeds, their chemical composition, as well as their cellular and molecular characterization. This type of research is critical and timely, as the last few decades have witnessed remarkable advancements in phycological research worldwide. Consideration of algal resources for food, fuel, chemicals, feed, and fertilizer has furthered the development of diverse laboratory techniques that not only advance their utilization substantially, but also provided new insights in understanding the molecular basis of their form and function. This recent progress has enabled researchers to determine and quantify various metabolites and organic macromolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

Protocols for Macroalgae Research thus uses macroalgae as a model organism for addressing fundamental research problems. No recent comprehensive literature of this format exists on this topic. As such, this state-of-the-art protocol text both develops and standardizes the various macroalgae approaches located within the field. It does so by featuring a wide-range of protocols from invited experts; each protocol features a brief introductory overview, an inventory of materials and reagents, and step-by-step experimental procedures, which include helpful notes offering care and cautions. This protocol book is an invaluable reference for beginning and preexisting researchers within the field of macroalgae.

Contents

Section I:  Cultivating and preserving seaweeds
Chapter 1 Seaweed in high-energy environments: Protocol to move Saccharina cultivation offshore
      Bela H. Buck and Britta Grote
Chapter 2 Cultivation protocol for Saccharina latissima
      Silje Forbord, Kristine Braaten Steinhovden, Kaia Kjølbo Rød, Aleksander Handå, and Jorunn Skjermo
Chapter 3 Derivation of clonal stock cultures and hybridization of kelps: A tool for strain preservation and breeding programs
      Inka Bartsch
Chapter 4 Cryopreservation of macroalgae
      John G. Day
Chapter 5 Unraveling seaweeds bacteriomes: From field site to computer screen
      Tânia Aires, Gerard Muyzer, Ester A. Serrão, and Aschwin H. Engelen
Chapter 6 Heavy metal ecotoxicity on the early life history stages of macroalgae
      Pablo P. Leal and Michael Y. Roleda
Chapter 7 A simple protocol for a rapid and consistent production of a large number of viable protoplasts from the Ulvophycean species
      Vishal Gupta and C.R.K. Reddy
Chapter 8 Purification of sporulation and swarming inhibitors from Ulva: Application in algal life-cycle controlling
      Ralf W. Kessler, Taghreed Alsufyani, and Thomas Wichard
Chapter 9 Preparation of axenic cultures in Ulva (Chlorophyta)
      Gianmaria Califano and Thomas Wichard

Section II: Chemical composition
Chapter 10 Biochar production from seaweeds
      Loretto Contreras-Porcia, Matías Araya, Elizabeth Garrido-Ramírez, Cristian Bulboa, Jean Pierre Remonsellez, Javier Zapata, Camila Espinoza, and Jorge Rivas
Chapter 11 Identification and quantification of laminarins in brown algae
      Angelika Graiff, Wolfgang Ruth, and Ulf Karsten
Chapter 12 Determination of carbohydrate composition of macroalgae
      Wouter J.J. Huijgen, E.M. Cobussen-Pool, B.F. van Egmond, and J.W. van Hal
Chapter 13 Quantification of proteins in seaweeds
      Carl Safi, Jelle van Leeuwen, Yvette Telleman, Nicole Engelen-Smit, Lambertus van den Broek, and Paulien Harmsen
Chapter 14 Comprehensive phytohormone quantification in the red alga Pyropia yezoensis by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
      Takakazu Matsuura, Izumi C. Mori, Yoko Ikeda, Takashi Hirayama, and Koji Mikami
Chapter 15 Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity analysis of seaweed biomass
      Xiaoru Hou, Randi Neerup, and Anne-Belinda Bjerre
Chapter 16 Extraction of phycocyanin and phycoerythrin pigments
      Stewart William Beattie, Michèle Morançais, Paul Déléris, Joël Fleurence, and Justine Dumay
Chapter 17 Quantification and localization of reactive oxygen species in marine macrophytes
      Manoj Kumar, Loretto Contreras-Porcia, Nirali M. Kumar, and Peter J. Ralph
Chapter 18 Metabolomics of intra- and extracellular metabolites from micro- and macroalgae using GC–MS and LC–MS
      Constanze Kuhlisch, Gianmaria Califano, Thomas Wichard, and Georg Pohnert
Chapter 19 Preparative extraction of exometabolites from seaweed surfaces
      Florian Weinberger
Chapter 20 Disruption-free solid-phase extraction of surface metabolites from macroalgae
      Emilio Cirri and Georg Pohnert

Section III: Cellular and molecular characterization
Chapter 21 The immunodetection and in situ imaging of cell-wall polysaccharides in brown algae
      Amandine Siméon, Delphine Duffieux, Cécile Hervé, Sophie Le Panse, Paul Knox, and Thomas Torode
Chapter 22 Atomic force microscopy based analysis of cell-wall elasticity in macroalgae
      Thomas Torode, Marina Linardic, J. Louis Kaplan, and Siobhan A. Braybrook
Chapter 23 Dynamic and microscale mapping of cell growth: Case of Ectocarpus filament cells
      Hervé Rabillé, Bernard Billoud, Elodie Rolland, and Bénédicte Charrier
Chapter 24 Actin fluorescent staining in the filamentous brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus
      Hervé Rabillé, Maria Koutalianou, Bénédicte Charrier, and Christos Katsaros
Chapter 25 Cryofixation of brown algae for transmission electron microscopy
      Chikako Nagasato, Christos Katsaros, and Taizo Motomura
Chapter 26 Probing the subcellular topography of seaweeds: Transmission electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and correlative light microscopy
      Sandra C. Raimundo and David S. Domozych
Chapter 27 Coralline algae preparation for scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy
      S. Kaleb, G. Alongi, and A. Falace
Chapter 28 Extraction of high quality RNA from brown algae for transcriptomic analysis
      Sandra Heinrich
Chapter 29 Induction of sexual reproduction in Spirogyra cultures for laser capture microdissection of gametes and zygotes
      Denis Saint-Marcoux and Jane A. Langdale
Chapter 30 Cloning and expression strategies for the postgenomic analysis of brown algae
      Agnès Groisillier
Chapter 31 Polyethylene glycol-mediated transformation in the green macroalga Ulva mutabilis (Chlorophyta): A forward genetics approach
      Jens Boesger, Michiel Kwantes, and Thomas Wichard

Index

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Biography

Dr Bénédicte Charrier is a senior scientist from CNRS working at Station Biologique Roscoff, France. She is a specialist of macroalgae morphogenesis and development, with an expertise on the filmentous alga Ectocarpus siliculosus. She is currently the Chair of the European network "Phycomorph", supported by the Cooperation in Science & Technology (COST) Association (2015-2019), which aims to coordinate research in growth, reproduction, and morphogenesis of macroalgae in Europe and in association with Asian and North American laboratories.

Dr Thomas Wichard is a research group leader at the Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry of the Friedrich Schiller University Jena. The main focus of his research group is to elucidate the mutualistic interactions between bacteria and the marine macroalga Ulva ("cross-kingdom-cross-talk"). The group applies various methodologies in analytical chemistry, chemical ecology and molecular biology to understand the basis of eco-physiological processes.

Dr CRK Reddy is a Chief Scientist in Seaweed Biology and Biotechnology Cultivation at CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute in Bhavnagar, India. He is an expert in marine macroalgae, making significant contributions to macroalgae tissue culture and protoplast techniques including genetic improvement of seaweeds, seaweed biomass for chemicals and biofuels, seaweed biodiversity, and seaweed biology and cultivation.