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Humanity can make short work of the oceans' creatures. In 1741, hungry explorers discovered herds of Steller's sea cow in the Bering Strait, and in less than thirty years, the amiable beast had been harpooned into extinction. It's a classic story, but a key fact is often omitted. Bering Island was the last redoubt of a species that had been decimated by hunting and habitat loss years before the explorers set sail.
As Callum M. Roberts reveals in The Unnatural History of the Sea, the oceans' bounty didn't disappear overnight. While today's fishing industry is ruthlessly efficient, intense exploitation began not in the modern era, or even with the dawn of industrialization, but in the 11th century in medieval Europe. Roberts explores this long and colorful history of commercial fishing, taking readers around the world and through the centuries to witness the transformation of the seas.
Drawing on firsthand accounts of early explorers, pirates, merchants, fishers, and travelers, The Unnatural History of the Sea recreates the oceans of the past: waters teeming with whales, sea lions, sea otters, turtles, and giant fish. The abundance of marine life described by 15th century seafarers is almost unimaginable today, but Roberts both brings it alive and artfully traces its depletion. Collapsing fisheries, he shows, are simply the latest chapter in a long history of unfettered commercialization of the seas.
Part 1: Explorers and exploiters in the age of plenty
Chapter 1: The end of innocence
Chapter 2: Early origins of intensive sea fishing
Chapter 3: New Found Lands
Chapter 4: Rediscovery of plenty in New World estuaries
Chapter 5: Plunder of the Caribbean
Chapter 6: The age of merchant adventurers
Chapter 7: Global expansion of whaling
Chapter 8: To the ends of the earth for seals
Chapter 9: The great fisheries of Europe
Chapter 10: The first trawling revolution
Chapter 11: The dawn of industrial fishing
Part 2: The modern era of industrial fishing
Chapter 12: The inexhaustible sea
Chapter 13: Bering Sea revisited
Chapter 14: Emptying European seas
Chapter 15: The Grand Banks no longer grand
Chapter 16: Slow death of an estuary - Chesapeake Bay
Chapter 17: Ghost reefs in the Caribbean
Chapter 18: Shifting environmental baselines in the Gulf of California
Chapter 19: Serial depletion on the Pacific coast
Chapter 20: Hunting the high plains of the open sea
Chapter 21: Penetrating the last great wilderness
Chapter 22: No place left to hide
Part 3: The once and future ocean
Chapter 23: Where to from here: Barbequed jellyfish or swordfish steak?
Chapter 24: Reinventing fishery management
Chapter 25: Opening a window to the past with marine reserves
Chapter 26: Looking forward: A global network of marine protected areas
Callum Roberts is Professor of Marine Conservation, Environment Department, University of York. He has spent most of his career studying the effects of fishing on marine life and seeking ways to improve ocean management. A prolific writer, he has co-authored four books and published over seventy research papers. He has also advised the US, British and Caribbean governments on the creation of marine reserves.
"His impressive book, replete with quotations from the reports of early explorers, merchants and travelers describing seas teeming with life that's unimaginable today, is a vivid reminder of what we've lost and a plea to save what is left and help the sea recover some of its earlier bounty."
– Publishers Weekly
"[Callum] Roberts's book is invaluable, not to mention deeply disturbing."
– Jonathan Yardley's 10 best books of the year, The Washington Post Book World
"Passionate and immensely important book [...] "
– The Washington Post
"Thank you, Callum Roberts, for your riveting, eloquent, compelling and urgently important saga of what may be the greatest environmental tragedy of our time: the relentless, wholesale extraction of ocean wildlife globally. Thank you, too, for inspiring hope that we still have a chance to reverse the disastrous decline of the ocean, and thus secure our own future, as well as that of fish, whales and clams."
– Sylvia Earle, Explorer in Residence, National Geographic Society
"Well-documented and objective study of the history of fishing and overfishing since the 11th century [...] "
– Library Journal
"So fascinating, so well-written, so rich with detail [...] . I couldn't put this book down."
– Philadelphia Inquirer
"Out of sight, out of mind – the wholesale destruction of marine life under the waves by an increasingly rapacious fishing industry has largely gone unnoticed. This eloquent and inspiring book not only reveals the true extent of this loss but also tells of the oceans' amazing powers of regeneration. A long-time advocate for setting aside large areas of ocean as marine reserves and allowing nature to do her own thing, Professor Roberts makes the case crystal clear as to why politicians and society as a whole must act now if we are to save our oceans and the beauty and the bounty they contain."
– Richard Page, Greenpeace
"The accounts presented in The Unnatural History of the Sea provide compelling comparison benchmarks and expose the harm done by mankind's continued view of wildlife solely as commodity."
– Honolulu Advertiser
"The Unnatural History of the Sea is not just another lament over bygone environmental conditions. Roberts highlights the value of conservation efforts, such as marine reserves (areas off-limits to fishing), reminding readers that an awareness of history is essential to designing such programs."
– Audubon
"Roberts is eloquent and persuasive as he recounts centuries of ill-managed fishery planning, and allows those who have directly experienced dramatic changes in the oceans to speak for themselves [...] Thoughtful, inspiring, devastating, and powerful, Roberts' comprehensive, welcoming, and compelling approach to an urgent subject conveys large problems in a succinct and involving manner. Readers won't be able to put it down."
– Booklist
"[Roberts] argues that nearly 30 percent of the world's oceans should be set aside as Marine Protected Areas, and his vivid accounts of centuries of relentless harvesting suggest that drastic measures are in order."
– Conservation
"Roberts' powerful, almost poetic account of the history of fishing and its deleterious effects on the sea at once alarms and informs."
– Charleston Post and Courier
"This eloquent book, rendered with clarity and grace, is a true tale of tragedy. Callum Roberts summarizes the whole sweep of historical time from first European discovery of unimagined living ocean riches to unimaginable depletion and impoverishment of the sea. Yes, there is light at the end of the tunnel. And only by seeing what was can we hope to see what should be, and what must be restored."
– Carl Safina, author of Song for the Blue Ocean and Voyage of the Turtle
"Oceans seem vast and untrammeled, but we have wrecked their living resources from offshore to the depths and to the limits of Antarctic ice. Callum Roberts tells this story with passion and elegance, and shows us what we must do to get our marine life back."
– Stuart Pimm, winner of the 2006 Heineken Prize for Environmental Sciences
