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Vital Forces, Teleology and Organization offers a comprehensive account of vitalism and the Romantic philosophy of nature. The author explores the rise of biology as a unified science in Germany by reconstructing the history of the notion of "vital force", starting from the mid-eighteenth through the early nineteenth century. Further, he argues that Romantic Naturphilosophie played a crucial role in the rise of biology in Germany, especially thanks to its treatment of teleology. In fact, both post-Kantian philosophers and naturalists were guided by teleological principles in defining the object of biological research.
The book begins by considering the problem of generation, focusing on the debate over the notion of "formative force". Readers are invited to engage with the epistemological status of this formative force, i.e. the question of the principle behind organization. The second chapter provides a reconstruction of the physiology of vital forces as it was elaborated in the mid- to late-eighteenth century by the group of physicians and naturalists known as the "Göttingen School." Readers are shown how these authors developed an understanding of the animal kingdom as a graded series of organisms with increasing functional complexity.
Chapter three tracks the development of such framework in Romantic Naturphilosophie. The author introduces the reader to the problem of classification, showing how Romantic philosophers of nature regarded classification as articulated by a unified plan that connects all living forms with one another, relying on the idea of living nature as a universal organism. In the closing chapter, this analysis shows how the three instances of pre-biological discourse on living beings – theory of generation, physiology and natural history – converged to form the consolidated disciplinary matrix of a general biology.
Vital Forces, Teleology and Organization offers an insightful read for all scholars interested in classical German philosophy, especially those researching the philosophy of nature, as well as the history and philosophy of biology.
Introduction
I. Generation
1. At the Origin of German Vitalism: the Haller-Wolff Debate
2. Vital Force and Epigenesis: Wolff's Theory of Generation
3. Goal-Directed Organization: Wolff and Blumenbach on Teleology
4. Understanding Purpose: Kant as a Vitalist
5. Chemical Vitalism: Reil on the Vital Force
6. Concluding Remarks
II. Functions
1. The Goettingen School as Historical Category
2. Building Blocks of the Goettingen School: Haller on Vital Properties
3. Foundations of the Goettingen School: Vital Forces in Blumenbach's Physiology
4. Core of the Gottingen School: Kielmeyer's Lecture as Program for a General Biology
5. Explanatory Framework of the Goettingen School: Link's Deflationist Approach
6. Concluding Remarks
III. Classification
1. Classificatory Frameworks in the Late-Eighteenth Century
2. Blumenbach on Natural History
3. The "Kantian Principle" for Natural History
4. The Unity of Plan in Goethe's Morphology
5. "Vital-Materialism" and Naturphilosophie
6. Transcendental Morphology: a Legacy of Naturphilosophie
7. Concluding Remarks
IV. Biology
1. A New Epistemological Field
2. The Goettingen School in the Biologie
3. Naturphilosophie in the Biologie
4. Ecology and Transformation
5. Treviranus and Lamarck: Notes for a Comparative Perspective
6. Concluding Remarks
Conclusion
Andrea Gambarotto obtained his PhD in a co-tutored program between the Scuola Normale Superiore (Florence) and the Institut d'Historie et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques (Paris). His main areas of expertise are classical German philosophy, philosophy of nature and philosophy of biology. He has published papers especially on German Idealism and on the history of German life-sciences between 18th and 19th century. He is the editor of a volume in history and philosophy of biology dedicated to the notion of organism.
"Gambarotto's main point about the continuity between the investigations of the practicing life scientists and the Naturphilosophen in the late eighteenth century is quite convincing, and the discussion of the specific convergences of their investigations substantially contributes to our understanding of the emergence of biology during that period."
– Anton Kabeshkin, Philosophy in Review 39(2), May 2019
