This book presents a selection of the most recent approaches for the production of novel biotechnological compounds for biomedical applications. In order to better focus on the challenges at hand, the Editors have striven to adopt an integrative approach by selecting contributions linking genomics with bacterial resistance, antibiotics with improved production strategies, optimised production approaches with chemical development programs, chemical modifications with new antibody derivatives and biomaterials, the relation between bioartificial organs and xenotransplantation, apoptosis and process biotechnology, etc. The different chapters provide an interesting overview of the current state of the art in the development of truly novel compounds for biomedical application using recombinant DNA approaches.