Plant Nematology

About this book

Plant-parasitic nematodes devastate crops worldwide, in turn impacting international trade, and social and economic development. Effective control of nematodes is essential for crop protection and requires an understanding of nematode biology, taxonomy, population dynamics and sampling methods. Providing a broad introduction to nematodes as plant parasites, Plant Nematology begins by describing nematodes by genera, and builds on this foundation to detail nematode biology and pest management, including biological and chemical control. Chapters are authored by international experts and enhanced by extensive illustrations and focus boxes. Fully updated throughout, this new edition is an essential resource for postgraduate students, extension officers, researchers and crop protection scientists.

Contents

The Editors
Contributors
Preface
Preface to the second edition

PART I. TAXONOMY AND PRINCIPAL GENERA

1 Structure and Classification
Wilfrida Decraemer and David J. Hunt
1.1. Introduction
1.2. General Morphology
1.3. Life Cycle Stages
1.4. Feeding Groups
1.5. Classification of Plant-parasitic nematodes
1.6. Common Morphometric Abbreviations

2 Molecular Systematics
Sergei A. Subbotin, Lieven Waeyenberge and Maurice Moens
2.1. Phylogenetics and Phylogenomics
2.2. Species Concepts and Delimiting Species in Nematology
2.3. Phylogenetics and Classification
2.4. Molecular Techniques
2.5. Genes used for Molecular Systematics
2.6. Microsatellites
2.7. DNA Bar-coding
2.8. Phylogenetic Inference
2.9. Reconstruction of Historical Association
2.10. Databases
2.11. Examples of Molecular Phylogenies

3 Root-knot Nematodes
Gerrit Karssen,Wim Wesemael and Maurice Moens
3.1. Introduction to Root-knot Nematodes
3.2. Life Cycle and Behaviour
3.3. Host Response to Parasitism
3.4. Post-infection Biology
3.5. Plant Growth and Yield
3.6. Survival
3.7. Cytogenetics
3.8. General Morphology
3.9. Principal Species
3.10. Biochemical and Molecular Identification
3.11. Interactions with other Plant Pathogens
3.12. Management and control

4 Cyst Nematodes
Susan J. Turner and Sergei A. Subbotin
4.1. Introduction to Cyst Nematodes
4.2. Life Cycle and Behaviour
4.3 General Morphology of the Subfamily Heteroderinae
4.4. Genera and Principal Species
4.5. Pathotypes and Races
4.6. Biochemical and Molecular Diagnostics
4.7. Interactions with Other Plant Pathogens
4.8. Management

5 Migratory Endoparasitic Nematodes
Larry A. Duncan and Maurice Moens
5.1. Introduction to Migratory Endoparasitic Nematodes
5.2. The Pratylenchids: Lesion, Burrowing and Rice Root Nematodes
5.3. Anguinids and the Stem and Bulb Nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci
5.4. Plant-parasitic Aphelenchs

6 Ectoparasitic Nematodes
Wilfrida Decraemer and Etienne Geraert
6.1. Introduction to Endoparasitic Nematodes
6.2. Definition of Ectoparasites/Ectoparasitism
6.3. Classification
6.4. Tylenchina (Chromadorea, Chromadoria)
6.5. Enoplea
6.6. Biochemical and Molecular Diagnostics
6.7. Ectoparasitic Nematodes as Vectors of Plant-viruses
6.8. Management

PART II. NEMATODE BIOLOGY AND PLANT RESPONSES

7 Reproduction, Physiology and Biochemistry
Roland N. Perry, Denis J. Wright and David J. Chitwood
7.1. Reproduction and Development
7.2. Musculature and Neurobiology
7.3. Biosynthesis
7.4. Respiration and Intermediary Metabolism
7.5. Osmotic and Ionic Regulation and Excretion
7.6. Survival Strategies

8 Behaviour and Sensory Perception
Roland N. Perry and Rosane H.C. Curtis
8.1. Sense Organs or Sensilla
8.2. Undulatory Propulsion
8.3. Random Movement
8.4. Movement in Response to Stimuli in Soil
8.5. Nematode Feeding and Movement within Plant Tissue
8.6. Other Types of Movement and Behaviour

9 Molecular Aspects of Plant-Nematode Interactions
Godelieve Gheysen and John T. Jones
9.1. Nematode Parasitism of Plants
9.2. Invasion and Migration
9.3. Wound and Defence Responses of the Plant
9.4. Suppression of Host Defences and Protection from Host Responses
9.5. Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Nematode Feeding Cells
9.6. Nematode Signals for Feeding Site Induction and Other Processes
9.7. Comparison Between Cyst and Root-knot Nematodes
9.8. Resistance and Avirulence Genes

PART III. QUANTITATIVE NEMATOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

10 Plant Growth and Population Dynamics
Corrie H. Schomaker and Thomas H. Been
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Relationships of Nematodes with Plants
10.3. Predictors of Yield Reduction
10.4. Different Response Variables of Nematodes
10.5. Stem Nematodes (Ditylenchus dipsaci)
10.6. Root-invading Nematodes
10.7. Effect of Nematicides
10.8. Validation of the Model
10.9. Population Dynamics

11 Distribution Patterns and Sampling
Thomas H. Been and Corrie H. Schomaker
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Practical Application
11.3. Horizontal Distribution
11.4. Vertical Distribution

12 International Plant Health – Putting Legislation into Practice
Sue Hockland, Renato N. Inserra and Lisa M. Kohl
12.1. Introduction and Terminology
12.2. Historical Considerations
12.3. International Phytosanitary Frameworks
12.4. Early Legislation Enacted against Plant-parasitic Nematodes
12.5. International Phytosanitary Initiatives against Plant-parasitic Nematodes
12.6. Phytosanitary Problems Posed by Plant-parasitic Nematodes
12.7. Determining the Risk Posed by Plant-parasitic Nematodes using Pest Risk Analysis
12.8. Phytosanitary Measures for Plant-parasitic Nematodes
12.9. Phytosanitary Measures and their Associated Cost:Benefits
12.10. Future Challenges for the Control of Regulated Nematodes
12.11. Challenges Facing Scientific Advisers and Researchers

13 Biological and Cultural Management
Nicole Viaene, Danny L. Coyne and Keith G. Davies
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Suppressive Soils
13.3. Biological Control Agents
13.4. Interaction with Rhizosphere Microflora
13.5. Applying Biological Control Agents
13.6. Integration of Biological Control with Other Control Measures
13.7. Nematode-free Planting Material
13.8. Sanitation
13.9. Physical Soil Treatments
13.10. Biologically-based Practices
13.11. Amendments
13.12. Time of Planting
13.13. Other Control Practices

14 Nematode Resistance in Crops
James L. Starr, Alexander H. Mc Donald and Abiodun O. Claudius-Cole
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Concepts of Resistance
14.3. Inheritance and Mechanisms of Resistance
14.4. Virulence in Nematodes
14.5. Origins and Functions
14.6. Exploitation
14.7. Successes and Opportunities

15 Genetic Engineering for Resistance
Amanda Cottage and Peter Urwin
15. 1. Genetic Engineering for Resistance: General Introduction
15. 2. Genetic Engineering for Nematode Resistance: use of Natural Resistances
15.3. Targets in the Early Nematode-Plant Interaction for Engineered Resistance
15.4. Genetic Engineering to Target the Nematode Directly
15.5. Targeting the Nematode Feeding Site
15.6. Stacked Defences
15.7. The Research Approach to Engineering Nematode Resistance
15.8. The Future

16 Chemical Control of Nematodes
Patrick P.J. Haydock, Simon R. Woods, Ivan G. Grove and Martin C. Hare
16.1. History and Development of Nematicides
16.2. Active Substances: Chemical Groups and Modes of Action
16.3. Formulation and Application
16.4. Nematicides in the Environment
16.5. Human Safety
16.6. Naturally Occurring Nematicides

References
Glossary
Index

Customer Reviews

Biography

Professor Maurice Moens is Honorary Director of Research at the Institute for Agriculture and Fisheries Research (ILVO) at Merelbeke, Belgium and honorary professor at Ghent University, Belgium where he gave a lecture course on Agro-nematology at the Faculty of Bioscience Engineering. He is a past-director of the Post Graduate International Nematology Course (MSc Nematology) and coordinator of the Erasmus Mundus – European Master of Science in Nematology, where he gave five lecture courses on Plant Nematology. The MSc course is organised in the Faculty of Sciences of Ghent University. He graduated as an agricultural engineer from Ghent University and obtained a PhD at the same University on the spread of plant-parasitic nematodes and their management in hydroponic cropping systems. Within the framework of the Belgian Cooperation, he worked from 1972 to 1985 as a researcher in crop protection, including nematology, at two research stations in Tunisia. Upon his return to Belgium, he was appointed as senior nematologist at the Agricultural Research Centre (now ILVO). There, he expanded the research in plant nematology over various areas covering molecular characterization, biology of host-parasite relationships, biological control, resistance and other forms of non-chemical control. He was appointed head of the Crop Protection Department in 2000 and became Director of Research in 2006. He retired from both ILVO and Ghent University in 2012 but continues to supervise PhD students. In 2001, he was elected Fellow of the Society of Nematologists (USA) for outstanding contributions to Nematology; in the same year he was elected Fellow of the European Society of Nematologists for outstanding contribution to the science of Nematology; and in 2012 he was elected Honorary Fellow of the Chinese Society for Plant Nematology. He supervised 23 PhD students, who now are active in nematology all over the world. Currently, he is the president of the European Society of Nematologists. He co-edited Root-knot Nematodes (2009) and the first edition of this text book, Plant Nematology (2006). He is author or co-author of ten book chapters and refereed reviews and over 150 refereed research papers. He is a member of the editorial board of Nematology, Annals of Applied Biology and the Russian Journal of Nematology.

Professor Roland Perry is based at Rothamsted Research, UK. He graduated with a BSc (Hons) in Zoology from Newcastle University, UK, where he also obtained a PhD in Zoology on physiological aspects of desiccation survival of Ditylenchus spp. After a year’s post doctoral research at Newcastle, he moved to Keele University, UK, where he taught Parasitology; after 3 years at Keele, he was appointed to Rothamsted Research. His research interests have centred primarily on plant-parasitic nematodes, especially focusing on nematode hatching, sensory perception, behaviour and survival physiology, and several of his past PhD and post-doctoral students are currently involved in nematology research. He co-edited The Physiology and Biochemistry of Free-living and Plant-parasitic Nematodes (1998), Root-knot Nematodes (2009), Molecular and Physiological Basis of Nematode Survival (2011) and the first edition of this text book, Plant Nematology (2006). He is author or co-author of over 40 book chapters and refereed reviews and over 100 refereed research papers. He is co-Editor-in-Chief of Nematology and Chief Editor of the Russian Journal of Nematology. He co-edits the book series Nematology Monographs and Perspectives. In 2001, he was elected Fellow of the Society of Nematologists (USA) in recognition of his research achievements; in 2008 he was elected Fellow of the European Society of Nematologists for outstanding contribution to the science of Nematology; and in 2011 he was elected Honorary Member of the Russian Society of Nematologists. He is a Visiting Professor at Ghent University, Belgium, where he lectures on nematode biology, focusing on physiology and behaviour.