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In spite of decades of research on toxicants, along with the growing role of scientific expertise in public policy and the unprecedented rise in the number of national and international institutions dealing with environmental health issues, problems surrounding contaminants and their effects on health have never appeared so important, sometimes to the point of appearing insurmountable. This calls for a reconsideration of the roles of scientific knowledge and expertise in the definition and management of toxic issues, which Powerless Science? seeks to do.
Powerless Science? looks at complex historical, social, and political dynamics, made up of public controversies, environmental and health crises, economic interests, and political responses, and demonstrates how and to what extent scientific knowledge about toxicants has been caught between scientific, economic, and political imperatives.
List of Figures
Acknowledgements
Introduction: Greatness and Misery of Science in a Toxic World Soraya Boudia and Nathalie Jas
PART I : KNOWLEDGE, EXPERTISE AND THE TRANSFORMATIONS IN REGULATORY SYSTEMS
Chapter 1. Precaution and the History of Endocrine Disruptors Nancy Langston
Chapter 2. The Political Life of Mutagens: A History of the Ames Test Angela N. H. Creager
Chapter 3. DES, Cancer and Endocrine Perturbation: Ways of Regulating, Chemical Risks and Public Expertise in the United States Jean-Paul Gaudilliere
Chapter 4. Managing Scientific and Political Uncertainty. Environmental Risk Assessment in an Historical Perspective Soraya Boudia
PART II : ACTIVISM AND NON-ACTIVISM: ALTERNATIVE USES OF KNOWLEDGE
Chapter 5. Work, Bodies, Militancy: the "Class Ecology" Debate in 1970s Italy Stefania Barca
Chapter 6. What Kind of Knowledge is Needed about Toxicant- Related Health Issues? Some Lessons Drawn from the Seveso Dioxin Laura Centemeri
Chapter 7. From Suspicious Illness to Policy Change in Petrochemical Regions: Popular Epidemiology, Science and the Law in the U.S. and Italy Barbara Allen
Chapter 8. Guinea Pigs go to Court. Epidemiology and Class Actions in Taiwan Paul Jobin and Yu-Hwei Tseng
PART III: PUTTING KNOWLEDGE, IGNORANCE, AND REGULATIONN INTO PERSPECTIVE
Chapter 9. Reckless Laws, Contaminated People: Science Reveals Legal Shortcomings in Public Health Protections Carl Cranor
Chapter 10. Untangling Ignorance in Environmental Risk Assessment Scott Frickel and Michelle Edwards
Chapter 11. Low Dose Toxicology: Narratives from the Science-Transcience Interface Sheldon Krimsky
Chapter 12. Unruly Technologies and Fractured Oversight: Towards a Model for Chemical Control for the Twenty First Century Jody A. Roberts
List of Contributors
Index
Soraya Boudia is Professor of Science, Technology, and Innovation Studies at the University of Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallee. Her scholarly work focuses on the transnational government of technological and health environmental risks. She has co-edited a special issue of History and Technology, Risk and risk Society in Historical Perspective (2007), and Toxicants, Health and Regulations Since 1945 (Pickering & Chatto, 2013), both with Nathalie Jas.
Nathalie Jas is a Senior Researcher at the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA). A historian and a STS scholar, her scholarly work analyses the intensification of agriculture and its social, environmental, and health effects. She has co-edited a special issue of History and Technology, Risk and risk Society in Historical Perspective (2007), and Toxicants, Health and Regulations Since 1945 (Pickering & Chatto, 2013), both with Soraya Boudia.
"Each chapter is written by an authority on the topic and contains primary bibliographic sources. Overall, the scientific content is accurate and free of obvious partiality."
– Choice
"The editors did a heroic job of assembling and connecting a group of articles from contributors active in interdisciplinary research and studies. They span multiple disciplines (sociology, history, philosophy, economics, and political science), assorted methodologies, different time frames, venues, and geographies [...] In summary, the absence of knowledge has powerfully shaped the history and social organization of our toxic world. And for this reason, Powerless Science? merits reading and reflective rereading."
– International Social Science Review
"The book will be of interest to the new wave of anthropological studies on toxic contamination and will open the door for researchers and practitioners to actively reimagine what a regulatory apparatus that is de-centered from science might look like."
– Medical Anthropology Quarterly
"The editors of Powerless Science? were successful in overcoming the problem of disparate narratives, ever present in edited collections, especially those dealing with interdisciplinary themes. Although the book embraces different approaches [...] the diverse perspectives offer different faces of a common research object [...] [and] provides an extremely rich introduction [...] The book has also benefited from [...] the proven professional skills of the authors, all of whom are renowned scholars with successful careers in their respective perspectives on regulatory science."
– AMBIX
"This volume makes a useful companion for understanding the institutional histories and practices that assist in limiting or allowing, ignoring or acknowledging, toxic exposures."
– Medicine Anthropology Theory
" [...] the empirical payload of the collection [...] is substantial. The book will be of interest to the new wave of anthropological studies on toxic contamination and will open the door for researchers and practitioners to actively reimagine what a regulatory apparatus that is de-centered from science might look like."
– Medical Anthropology Journal
"This is an innovative, very well organized and overall well written book on one of the most pressing issues of today's society: the way chemicals contaminate the environment, and how we deal with it [...] most of the chapters cleverly combine the case study approach with universal features. It is surprising how well this works, both in the chapters and in the book at large."
– Carsten Reinhardt, CEO and President of the Chemical Heritage Foundation, Philadelphia
