United States
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Beginning in the 1870s, migrant groups from Russia's steppes settled in the similar environment of the Great Plains. Many were Mennonites. They brought plants, in particular grain and fodder crops, trees and shrubs, as well as weeds. Following their example, and drawing on the expertise of émigré Russian-Jewish scientists, the US Department of Agriculture introduced more plants, agricultural sciences, especially soil science; and methods of planting trees to shelter the land from the wind. By the 1930s, many of the grain varieties in the Great Plains had been imported from the steppes. The fertile soil was classified using the Russian term 'chernozem'. The US Forest Service was planting shelterbelts using techniques pioneered in the steppes. And, tumbling across the plains was an invasive weed from the steppes: tumbleweed. Based on archival research in the United States, Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan, The American Steppes explores the unexpected Russian roots of Great Plains agriculture.
Introduction
Part I. Contexts:
1. Settlement
2. Barriers
3. Bridges
Part II. Transfers:
4. Wheat
5. Soil science I
6. Soil science II
7. Shelterbelts I
8. Shelterbelts II
9. Tumbleweed
Conclusion
List of archival collections cited
Index
David Moon is Visiting Professor at Nazarbayev University in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, and Anniversary Professor in History at the University of York. He is the author of The Plough that Broke the Steppes: Agriculture and Environment on Russia's Grasslands, 1700-1914 (2013).
"A fresh and significant new perspective on the perception and understanding of the Great Plains of North America in the light of scientific research carried out far away, on the other side of the planet, the Russian steppe country, which turns out to have had many surprising linkages with its North American counterpart."
– Donald Worster, Distinguished Foreign Expert, Renmin University of China
"The American Steppes is a heartening exemplar of transnational history done rightly and responsibly. David Moon has the reach to comprehend the complicated and cumulative processes by which Russian experience contributed to wheat culture, soil science, and shelterbelt establishment on the plains, and he does it with depth, through archival research that exhibits rich layers, like chernozem soils."
– Tom Isern, Professor of History and University Distinguished Professor, North Dakota State University
"David Moon's terrific book demonstrates how deeply prior pioneering experience and scientific study in the Russian steppes influenced farming on the North American Great Plains (or, as Moon so appropriately dubs them, 'the American Steppes'). This welcome corrective to generations of Great Plains scholarship permanently alters our telling of an iconic American environmental history."
– Geoff Cunfer, University of Saskatchewan
"This remarkable, incredibly well-researched book reminds readers that national differences are outweighed not just by similarities but by direct connections as well [...] Highly recommended."
– T. P. Bowman, Choice
"[...] Moon's study is eminently convincing. He makes careful, evidence based connections, though after reading it is tempting to search for Russian influences elsewhere in the social realism of the Newton sculpture for instance. One admirable feature of Moon's text is his clear delineation of the book's aims. a coherent read. [...] The American Steppes is an important entry into the growing body of literature that positions the American West within global histories. Aside from the obvious audiences of environmental and agricultural historians, The American Steppes will be of interest to anyone looking for a transnational study that does not devolve into mere comparisons. Finally, Moon's book will appeal to Plains people who are interested in a more nuanced story of their Russian roots."
– Michaela Rife, Agricultural History Review
"[...] with this rich, stimulating study, Moon had done much to push historians of Russia and the United States to think more comparatively and to question entrenched notions of Russian and American uniqueness."
– Sarah Cameron, The Russian Review
"the work is a masterpiece."
– Royden Loewen, Journal of Mennonite Studies
