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Good Reads  History & Other Humanities  Anthropology  Sociocultural Anthropology

The Human Swarm How Our Societies Arise, Thrive, and Fall

By: Mark W Moffett(Author)
469 pages, no illustrations
Publisher: Head of Zeus
NHBS
Dense and captivating, The Human Swarm is a proper big history take on the deep history of human societies.
The Human Swarm
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  • The Human Swarm ISBN: 9781789544183 Paperback Aug 2020 Not in stock: Usually dispatched within 6 days
    £9.99
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  • The Human Swarm ISBN: 9781789544176 Hardback May 2019 Out of Print #245726
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About this book

A specialist on social insects writes about the origins and implications of our own vast social organisation, and the ways in which our ethnic and national distinctions mirror those of other animals.

In this paradigm-shattering book, biologist Mark W. Moffett draws on findings in psychology, sociology and anthropology to explain the social adaptations that bind societies. He explores how the tension between identity and anonymity defines how societies develop, function, and fail. In the vein of Guns, Germs, and Steel and Sapiens, Human Swarm reveals how mankind created sprawling civilizations of unrivalled complexity – and what it will take to sustain them.

Customer Reviews (1)

  • Dense and captivating history of (human) societies
    By Leon (NHBS Catalogue Editor) 7 May 2019 Written for Hardback


    "Why , of all the species that have ever existed, have only us humans reached this unparalleled level of social organisation?” Sounds familiar? I indeed opened my review of E.O. Wilson’s recent book Genesis with almost these exact words. Where that book (quite literally) fell a bit short of the intended mark, biologist Mark W. Moffett here delivers a sprawling big history book that considers almost the same question. Perhaps this should not come as a surprise, for Wilson has been Moffett’s mentor.

    Two ideas lie at the basis of The Human Swarm. One is Moffett’s fascination with social insects and his conviction that human and insect societies are more alike than we might think. The other is a fascination with the concept of “foreignness”: how human societies are shaped in time and space by what are, on the face of it, but small differences.

    With its narrative stretching over more than 360 pages, Moffett has divided the book into nine sections and 26 relatively short chapters. I think this has been a very good choice as the book is information-dense and, befitting a big history book, deals with big questions. It also allows him to bring together many disparate strands and still keep the story organised.

    The first two sections of The Human Swarm introduce the different societies we see in vertebrates and social insects. This is a benchmark Moffett will return to throughout, although the majority of the book really deals with human societies. He makes some fascinating observations here. Though animals can congregate in large numbers, we typically do not consider them societies. Biologist W.D. Hamilton instead referred to them as selfish herds. Those animals that do form societies, such as elephants or primates, rely on individual recognition of all members. This puts a hard limit on size, with groups rarely surpassing 50 members.

    Social insects such as ants are an exception, and the key breakthrough that allows their and human societies to grow so large is anonymity. An ant “cares” only that fellow ants are his nest mates, he does not need to know them personally. It is much the same for humans. But where ants rely on scent marks to establish identity, humans use a constellation of markers, language and dress being just some of them.

    It would be tempting to take the beginning of agriculture and the rise of states as the starting point for his argument. And Moffett gets their eventually, but not before taking the reader through an extraordinarily thorough and largely chronological tour of our deeper prehistory. From primates to hunter-gatherers, this is really the part of the book where he branches out into topics such as archaeology, anthropology, ethnology, linguistics, and psychology to make his many points.

    Moffett traces the development of identity badges that allowed for anonymous instead of individual recognition societies to our primate ancestors, speculating that certain vocalisations could have been the first markers. As highlighted in Against the Grain, the progression from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled farmers was not neat and linear, with switches between these lifestyles and intermediate forms of settled hunter-gatherers all possible. But where they did settle, the egalitarianism still seen in such societies today started making way for leaders who could intervene when arguments broke out.

    Several doors opened up by settling down, such as accumulation of possessions and developing technology. Scientists often speak of cultural ratchets in this context. But doors also closed: with growing populations suitable space ran out, especially if all the neighbours also started settling, and reverting to nomadism became harder.

    But Moffett is equally interested in the psychology that comes with recognition of one’s tribe or clan members and, therefore, categorising those who do not belong as foreign. Many biologists and sociologists have been vehemently combatting the notion of human race as a biologically useful concept. Moffett largely sidesteps the issue by contending that in the context of societies of people of different lineage coming into contact during migrations, the word race has a distinct meaning, and throughout happily uses this word. Although I did not get the impression that his use of this shorthand serves any nebulous agenda, I wonder if it will land him in hot water in certain quarters.

    Contentiousness aside, it does allow him to highlight our natural proclivity to subconsciously and almost instantaneously classify people when we meet them, something that shows up very early in childhood. We are all biased to some degree. It feeds into how we perceive people; into stereotypes and generalisations, the ignoring of differences between groups of people; into rituals to affirm group membership and cultural markers of national identity such as flags, and the feelings those evoke. It affects how immigrants respond to their host countries and vice versa. The sweep of topics considered here is very broad, going well beyond modern Western societies in both time and space.

    It is exactly at these interfaces, of groups meeting other groups, that we are at our most aggressive. Moffett is pleasantly up to date here, touching on Wrangham’s idea of the “peace at home”, “war abroad” dichotomy that characterises humans (see my The Goodness Paradox) as he considers our history of conflict. Although violence does not mark all interactions between groups, it seems to have been unavoidable when it came to expanding villages into kingdoms, nations etc. “Societies don’t merge freely”, writes Moffett, and with it come all the horrors of slavery, warfare, and genocide. And nor, it seems, do they last. One other big topic is the rise and fall of civilizations over time. As pointed out in The Fate of Rome, we should think of these more as fractures or dissolutions than wholesale collapses (sensu Diamond). And, not surprisingly, the fracture lines often follow the old factions from which such societies were build up in the first place.

    As he considers many topics along the way rather than pushing one central thesis, I did come out of reading it feeling slightly stunned, with that kind of “what just happened?” grin on my face. It is pleasantly dense in information and well referenced and annotated, and I will need some time to digest and ponder it all – I have only touched on some of the book’s topics here. Reviewers elsewhere have put The Human Swarm in the same category as Diamond’s Guns, Germs and Steel or Harari’s Sapiens and it is easy to see why. Moffett casts his net wide and knows how to write a captivating book. Recommended if you like big big history books.
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Biography

Mark W. Moffett is a biologist and research associate at the Smithsonian, and a visiting scholar in the Department of Human Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University. He has also authored four books. Called a 'daring eco-adventurer' by Margaret Atwood, his writing has appeared in The Best American Science and Nature Writing.

By: Mark W Moffett(Author)
469 pages, no illustrations
Publisher: Head of Zeus
NHBS
Dense and captivating, The Human Swarm is a proper big history take on the deep history of human societies.
Media reviews

"This is a book of amazing ideas, many of them counter-intuitive. Mark Moffett's astounding stories of animal societies persuaded me that the future of human cities have been foretold by the ants. Read this manifesto if you like to have your mind changed."
– Kevin Kelly, former editor of the Whole Earth Review, founder of WIRED Magazine, author, internet guru

"A work of monumental importance [...] The Human Swarm is destined to be included in future lists of Big History that includes such epic books as Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs and Steel and Yuval Harari's Sapiens"
– Michael Shermer, author of The Moral Arc

"This fine work should have broad appeal to anyone curious about human societies, which is basically everyone"
Publishers Weekly

"Mark Moffett presents an intriguing overview of the biological roots and cultural evolution of this now-critical situation"
– Paul R. Ehrlich, Bing Professor of Population Studies at Stanford and author of Human Natures

"Read this manifesto if you like to have your mind changed"
– Kevin Kelly

"[An] enticing whirlwind tour of the fascinating patterns of behaviours and structures of societies revealed through the varied lives of people and animals across the globe [...] [Mark W. Moffett] excellently illustrates the myriad psychological and physiological processes that humans deploy in unifying and othering – from disgust to implicit bias"
Nature

"Apart from its other virtues, The Human Swarm is a book of wonders"
New Statesman

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