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All our inner organs and tissues require a constant environment to work effectively. Warm-blooded animals keep a core body temperature around 36.7°C (98°F) as the cells function at an optimal capacity at this temperature. The core body temperature of cold-blooded animals is the same as the surrounding environment and animals need to move into warmer or colder environments so that the internal state becomes ideal for physiological processes. One of the fundamental concepts in life sciences and medical and veterinary practice is that our internal states maintain stability through a process called homeostasis. Originally coined by Walter B. Cannon, homeostasis describes a series of internal physiological components that seek to maintain a fixed state established by set points (e.g., 36.7°C core body temperature). Any deviations in homeostasis lead to severe pathology such as hypothermia or death. But it is becoming increasingly clear that homeostatic set points vary predictably with time or new, temporary set points can be created.
The concept of rheostasis, described as the regulated change in physiology, accounts for how homeostatic set points can change to optimize our health and well-being, and survival in all animals. Daily changes in hormones, sleep-wake cycles, female reproductive cycles, and seasonal breeding in animals are excellent examples to show regulated changes in physiology. In this book, the concept of rheostasis is re-examined through the lens of 30 years of discoveries that include newly identified genes, increases in our understanding of the internal activity in cells, scientific advances in how neurons in the brain communicate with each other, complex imaging, and identifying how the brain creates representations of our environment.
This book aims to present a new way of thinking about how our bodies maintain physiological stability and proposes that homeostasis and rheostasis act independently and evolved separately to maintain stability by entirely distinct processes. The new conceptual model described indicates that our physiological systems have a tiered level of organization with significant implications for how we maintain our health and the treatment of common illnesses such as some bacterial or viral infections, as well as complex treatments for psychiatric and neurological disorders.
Introduction
Chapter 1. Long-term physiological stability in nature
Chapter 2. Programmed and reactive rheostasis
Chapter 3. An endogenous clock for programmed rheostasis
Chapter 4. Orchestration of female reproductive cycles
Chapter 5. A seasonally programmed energy rheostat
Chapter 6. Stability during recovery
Chapter 7. The reactive response of life
Chapter 8. Hierarchical organization of physiological stability
Chapter 9. Modelling physiological dynamics
Chapter 10. Challenges to physiological anticipation
Glossary
References
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Tyler John Stevenson is Head of Physiology, Ageing and Welfare in the School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine at the University of Glasgow. He is the Group Leader in the Laboratory of Seasonal Biology and recipient of the Leverhulme Trust Research Leader Award in 2019. He has also received awards from the Society for Behavioral Neuroendocrinology and the British Society for Neuroendocrinology for his pioneering scientific discoveries in the seasonal physiology of vertebrates. Tyler was recently elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology and Higher Education Academy.
"This book will help both novice readers and well-educated scientists understand the complexities of these physiological pathways, long loops, short loops, and modulators that influence the physiological control systems. There is a good reference section for further assistance."
– Choice
