ZooKeys 544: The Mecyclothorax Beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Haleakalā, Maui Keystone of a Hyperdiverse Hawaiian Radiation

About this book

The 116 Mecyclothorax beetle species of Haleakalā volcano, Maui constitute the biogeographic center of a Hawaiian adaptive radiation that evolved from a single colonizing species over the past 1.2 million years. The fauna includes highly distinctive taxa with specializations not seen in other carabid beetles, as well as suites of allopatrically distributed, cryptic sibling species reliably discernible only by characters of the male genitalia. Fieldwork supporting this revision targeted diverse habitats over all geographic regions of the volcano, amassing taxonomic material representing 74 newly described species. Mecyclothorax diversity is highest within Haleakalā’s windward rainforest, with 20 or more species often found in a contiguous patch of forest. Biogeographic patterns associated with speciation are not congruent among the various lineages comprising this fauna, indicating that even within these closely related species, allopatric boundaries to speciation differ based on how populations of individual species interact within the physical and biotic environment. The identification keys and descriptions are extensively complemented by micro-photographs, supporting reliable species determination. This revision gives conservation and evolutionary biologists alike access to information concerning this hyperdiverse radiation.

Contents

Introduction    6
Materials and Methods    7
Taxonomic material    17
Laboratory methods    18
Descriptive conventions and characters    20
Key to the species groups of Mecyclothorax Sharp from Haleakalā volcano    26
Mecyclothorax constrictus species group    28
(001) Mecyclothorax perseveratus sp. n.    29
(002) Mecyclothorax perstriatus (Sharp)    33
(003) Mecyclothorax superstriatus Liebherr    35
Mecyclothorax obscuricornis species group    37
(004) Mecyclothorax daptinus Sharp    39
(005) Mecyclothorax notobscuricornis sp. n.    40
(006) Mecyclothorax mordax sp. n.    44
(007) Mecyclothorax mordicus sp. n.    48
(008) Mecyclothorax manducus sp. n.    50
(009) Mecyclothorax ambulatus sp. n.    54
(010) Mecyclothorax montanus sp. n.    56
(011) Mecyclothorax obscuricolor (Blackburn)    59
(012) Mecyclothorax obscuricornis Sharp    60
(013) Mecyclothorax waikamoi sp. n.    62
(014) Mecyclothorax poouli sp. n.    66
(015) Mecyclothorax ahulili sp. n.    68
Mecyclothorax robustus species group    70
(016) Mecyclothorax aeneipennis Liebherr    72
(017) Mecyclothorax affinis sp. n.    74
(018) Mecyclothorax cognatus Sharp    77
(019) Mecyclothorax anchisteus sp. n.    80
(020) Mecyclothorax consanguineus sp. n.    82
(021) Mecyclothorax aeneus Sharp    87
(022) Mecyclothorax antaeus sp. n.    88
(023) Mecyclothorax cymindicus Sharp    92
(024) Mecyclothorax cymindulus sp. n.    94
(025) Mecyclothorax robustus (Blackburn)    97
(026) Mecyclothorax haydeni sp. n.    100
Mecyclothorax interruptus species group    104
(027) Mecyclothorax integer Sharp stat. n.    105
(028) Mecyclothorax bradycelloides sp. n.    108
(029) Mecyclothorax irregularis Britton    110
(030) Mecyclothorax anthracinus sp. n.    112
(031) Mecyclothorax arthuri sp. n.    116
(032) Mecyclothorax medeirosi sp. n.    120
(033) Mecyclothorax inconscriptus sp. n.    122
(034) Mecyclothorax foveolatus sp. n.    125
(035) Mecyclothorax interruptus Sharp    127
Mecyclothorax sobrinus species group    128
(036) Mecyclothorax multipunctatus (Blackburn)    130
(037) Mecyclothorax inaequalis (Blackburn)    134
(038) Mecyclothorax longulus Sharp    136
(039) Mecyclothorax giffardi Liebherr    138
(040) Mecyclothorax foveopunctatus sp. n.    140
(041) Mecyclothorax consobrinus Liebherr    142
(042) Mecyclothorax sobrinus Sharp    145
Mecyclothorax ovipennis species group    146
(043) Mecyclothorax subtilis Britton & Liebherr, sp. n.    150
(044) Mecyclothorax patulus sp. n.    153
(045) Mecyclothorax patagiatus sp. n.    154
(046) Mecyclothorax strigosus sp. n.    157
(047) Mecyclothorax ovipennis Sharp    160
(048) Mecyclothorax takumiae sp. n.    162
(049) Mecyclothorax apicalis (Sharp)    166
(050) Mecyclothorax parapicalis sp. n.    167
(051) Mecyclothorax mauiae sp. n.    170
(052) Mecyclothorax subternus sp. n.    176
(053) Mecyclothorax flaviventris sp. n.    177
(054) Mecyclothorax laetus (Blackburn)    180
(055) Mecyclothorax cordaticollis (Blackburn)    182
(056) Mecyclothorax cordaticollaris sp. n.    184
(057) Mecyclothorax subconstrictus (Sharp)    188
(058) Mecyclothorax nubicola (Blackburn)    190
(059) Mecyclothorax krushelnyckyi sp. n.    192
(060) Mecyclothorax pusillus Sharp    194
(061) Mecyclothorax rusticus Sharp    196
Mecyclothorax argutor species group    197
(062) Mecyclothorax ommatoplax sp. n.    199
(063) Mecyclothorax semistriatus sp. n.    202
(064) Mecyclothorax refulgens sp. n.    206
(065) Mecyclothorax argutulus sp. n.    208
(066) Mecyclothorax planipennis sp. n.    211
(067) Mecyclothorax planatus sp. n.    215
(068) Mecyclothorax argutuloides sp. n.    216
(069) Mecyclothorax cordithorax Liebherr    219
Mecyclothorax microps species group    221
(070) Mecyclothorax major sp. n.    223
(071) Mecyclothorax minor Britton    226
(072) Mecyclothorax angusticollis (Blackburn)    228
(073) Mecyclothorax xestos sp. n.    229
(074) Mecyclothorax orbiculus sp. n.    232
(075) Mecyclothorax contractus sp. n.    234
Mecyclothorax scaritoides species group    236
(076) Mecyclothorax molops (Sharp)    238
(077) Mecyclothorax macrops (Sharp)    240
(078) Mecyclothorax scaritoides (Blackburn)    242
(079) Mecyclothorax scarites sp. n.    246
(080) Mecyclothorax timberlakei sp. n.    249
(081) Mecyclothorax crassuloides sp. n.    252
(082) Mecyclothorax crassulus sp. n.    255
(083) Mecyclothorax gracilicollis sp. n.    256
(084) Mecyclothorax dispar sp. n.    258
Mecyclothorax haleakalae species group    260
(085) Mecyclothorax iteratus Sharp    262
(086) Mecyclothorax reiteratus sp. n.    264
(087) Mecyclothorax splendidus sp. n.    270
(088) Mecyclothorax bacrionis sp. n.    272
(089) Mecyclothorax haleakalae (Sharp)    276
(090) Mecyclothorax simpulum sp. n.    277
Mecyclothorax vitreus species group    282
(091) Mecyclothorax vitreus Britton    284
(092) Mecyclothorax perkinsianus (Sharp)    286
(093) Mecyclothorax kipwilli sp. n.    288
(094) Mecyclothorax kipahulu sp. n.    293
(095) Mecyclothorax kaumakani sp. n.    298
(096) Mecyclothorax kuiki sp. n.    300
Mecyclothorax montivagus species group    303
(097) Mecyclothorax rex sp. n.    304
(098) Mecyclothorax montivagus (Blackburn)    308
(099) Mecyclothorax micans (Blackburn)    312
Mecyclothorax ducalis species group    314
(100) Mecyclothorax aquilus sp. n.    316
(101) Mecyclothorax insolitus (Sharp)    320
(102) Mecyclothorax invisitatus sp. n.    322
(103) Mecyclothorax ducalis (Sharp)    326
(104) Mecyclothorax longidux sp. n.    328
(105) Mecyclothorax brevidux sp. n.    333
Mecyclothorax palustris species group    334
(106) Mecyclothorax hephaestoides sp. n.    337
(107) Mecyclothorax oculellus sp. n.    342
(108) Mecyclothorax bicoloris sp. n.    346
(109) Mecyclothorax bicoloratus sp. n.    350
(110) Mecyclothorax bilobatus sp. n.    351
(111) Mecyclothorax palustroides sp. n.    354
(112) Mecyclothorax filipoides sp. n.    359
(113) Mecyclothorax nanunctus sp. n.    362
(114) Mecyclothorax unctus (Blackburn)    366
(115) Mecyclothorax tauberorum sp. n.    370
(116) Mecyclothorax pau sp. n.    372
Ecological and evolutionary synthesis    377
Patterns of diversity    377
Speciation and biogeography    381
Conservation and future prospects    385
Acknowledgements    386
References    388
Appendix    394

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