The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes

About this book

Volcanoes are unquestionably one of the most spectacular and awe-inspiring features of the physical world. Our paradoxical fascination with them stems from their majestic beauty and powerful, sometimes deadly, destructiveness. Notwithstanding the tremendous advances in volcanology since ancient times, some of the mystery surrounding volcanic eruptions remains today. The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes summarizes our present knowledge of volcanoes; it provides a comprehensive source of information on the causes of volcanic eruptions and both the destructive and beneficial effects. The early chapters focus on the science of volcanism (melting of source rocks, ascent of magma, eruption processes, extraterrestrial volcanism, etc.). Later chapters discuss human interface with volcanoes, including the history of volcanology, geothermal energy resources, interaction with the oceans and atmosphere, health aspects of volcanism, mitigation of volcanic disasters, post-eruption ecology, and the impact of eruptions on organismal biodiversity

Contents

Introduction
The History of Volcanology

Part I. Origin and Transport of Magma
1. Melting the Earth’s Upper Mantle / Timothy L. Grove and Christy B. Till
2. Migration of Melt / Martha J. Daines and Matej Pec
3. Plate Tectonics and Volcanism / Peter C. LaFemina
4. The Composition and Origin of Magmas / Nick Rogers
5. Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Silicate Melts and Magma / Charles E. Lesher and Frank J. Spera
6. Chemical Thermodynamics and the Study of Magmas / Mark S. Ghiorso and Guilherme A.R. Gualda
7. Volatiles in Magmas / Paul J. Wallace, Terry Plank, Marie Edmonds and Erik H. Hauri
8. Magma Chambers / Bruce D. Marsh
9. Rates of Magma Ascent and Storage / Brandon Browne and Lindsay Szramek
10. Magma Transport in Dikes / Helge Gonnermann and Benoit Taisne
11. Magma Ascent and Degassing at Shallow Levels / Alain Burgisser and Wim Degruyter

Part II. Eruptions
12. Earth’s Volcanoes and Their Eruptions: An Overview / Lee Siebert, Elizabeth Cottrell, Edward Venzke and Benjamin Andrews
13. Sizes of Volcanic Eruptions / David M. Pyle
14. Global Rates of Volcanism and Volcanic Episodes / Natalia Irma Deligne and Haraldur Sigurdsson
15. Primary Volcanic Landforms / Shan de Silva and Jan M. Lindsay
16. Calderas / Michael Branney and Valerio Acocella

Part III. Effusive Volcanism
17. Lava Flows and Rheology / Andrew J.L. Harris and Scott K. Rowland
18. Lava Dome Eruptions / Eliza S. Calder, Yan Lavallée, Jackie E. Kendrick and Marc Bernstein
19. Submarine Lavas and Hyaloclastite / James D.L. White, Jocelyn McPhie, and S. Adam Soule
20. Glaciovolcanism / Benjamin R. Edwards, Magnu´s T. Gudmundsson and James K. Russell
21. Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanism / S. Adam Soule
22. Seamounts and Island Building / Hubert Staudigel and Anthony A.P. Koppers
23. Basaltic Volcanic Fields / Greg A. Valentine and Charles B. Connor
24. Large Igneous Provinces and Flood Basalt Volcanism / Stephen Self, Millard F. Coffin, Michael R. Rampino and John A. Wolff

Part IV. Explosive Volcanism
25. Magmatic Fragmentation / Katharine V. Cashman and Bettina Scheu
26. Magma—Water Interaction and Phreatomagmatic Fragmentation / Bernd Zimanowski, Ralf Büttner, Pierfrancesco Dellino, James D.L. White and Kenneth H. Wohletz
27. Hawaiian and Strombolian Eruptions / Jacopo Taddeucci, Marie Edmonds, Bruce Houghton, Michael R. James and Sylvie Vergniolle
28. Vulcanian Eruptions / Amanda Bachtell Clarke, Tomaso Esposti Ongaro and Alexander Belousov
29. Plinian and Subplinian Eruptions / Raffaello Cioni, Marco Pistolesi and Mauro Rosi
30. Phreatomagmatic and Related Eruption Styles / Bruce Houghton, James D.L. White and Alexa R. Van Eaton
31. Submarine Explosive Eruptions / James D.L. White, C. Ian Schipper and Kazuhiko Kano
32. Volcanic Plumes / Steven Carey and Marcus Bursik
33. Tephra Dispersal and Sedimentation / Costanza Bonadonna, Antonio Costa, Arnau Folch and Takehiro Koyaguchi
34. Pyroclastic Fall Deposits / Bruce F. Houghton and Rebecca J. Carey
35. Pyroclastic Density Currents: Processes and Models / Josef Dufek, Tomaso Esposti Ongaro and Olivier Roche
36. Deposits of Pyroclastic Density Currents / Richard J. Brown and Graham D.M. Andrews
37. Lahars and Their Deposits / James W. Vallance and Richard M. Iverson
38. Landslides, Debris Avalanches and Volcanic Gravitational Deformation / Benjamin van Wyk de Vries and Tim Davies

Part V. Extraterrestrial Volcanism
39. Volcanism on the Moon / Paul D. Spudis
40. Volcanism on Mercury / James W. Head, III and Lionel Wilson
41. Volcanism on Mars / James R. Zimbelman, William Brent Garry, Jacob Elvin Bleacher and David A. Crown
42. Volcanism on Venus / Mikhail A. Ivanov, Larry S. Crumpler, Jayne C. Aubele and James W. Head, III
43. Volcanism on Io / Rosaly M.C. Lopes and David A. Williams
44. Cryovolcanism in the Outer Solar System / Paul Geissler

Part VI. Volcanic Interactions
45. Volcanic, Magmatic and Hydrothermal Gases / Tobias P. Fischer and Giovanni Chiodini
46. Intrusion-Related Geothermal Systems / James Stimac, Fraser Goff and Cathy J. Goff
47. Seafloor Hydrothermal Venting at Volcanic Arcs and Backarcs / Cornel E.J. de Ronde and Valerie K. Stucker
48. Volcano-Related Lakes / Pierre Delmelle, Richard W. Henley and Alain Bernard
49. Volcanic Successions Associated with Ore Deposits: Facies Characteristics and Ore—Host Relationships / Jocelyn McPhie and Ray Cas
50. Volcanic Influences on the Carbon, Sulfur, and Halogen Biogeochemical Cycles / Pierre Delmelle, Elena Maters and Clive Oppenheimer

Part VII. Volcanic Hazards
51. Probabilistic Volcanic Hazard Assessment / Chuck Connor, Mark Bebbington and Warner Marzocchi
52. Volcanic Ash Hazards to Aviation / Fred Prata and Bill Rose
53. Climatic Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions / Alan Robock
54. Hazards from Pyroclastic Density Currents / Paul D. Cole, Augusto Neri and Peter J. Baxter
55. Lava Flow Hazards and Modeling / Christopher R.J. Kilburn
56. Hazards from Lahars and Jökulhlaups / Magnús T. Gudmundsson
57. Hazards of Volcanic Gases / Glyn Williams-Jones and Hazel Rymer
58. Volcanic Tsunamis / Simon J. Day
59. Volcanic Seismicity / Stephen R. McNutt and Diana C. Roman
60. Impacts of Eruptions on Human Health / Peter J. Baxter and Claire J. Horwell
61. Large Igneous Provinces and Biotic Extinctions / Michael R. Rampino and Stephen Self
62. Volcanic Lightning / Stephen R. McNutt and Ronald J. Thomas

Part VIII. Eruption Response and Mitigation
63. Seismic and Infrasonic Monitoring / Stephen R. McNutt, Glenn Thompson, Jeffrey Johnson, Silvio De Angelis and David Fee
64. Ground Deformation, Gravity, and Magnetics / Jeffrey T. Freymueller, John B. Murray, Hazel Rymer and Corinne A. Locke
65. Gas, Plume, and Thermal Monitoring / Simon A. Carn
66. Synthesis of Volcano Monitoring / John Pallister and Stephen R. McNutt
67. Volcano Warning Systems / Chris E. Gregg, Bruce Houghton and John W. Ewert
68. Volcanic Crisis Management / Gill Jolly and Servando de la Cruz
69. Social Processes and Volcanic Risk Reduction / Jenni Barclay, Katharine Haynes, Bruce Houghton and David Johnston
70. Volcanic Risk Assessment / Willy Aspinall and Russell Blong

Part IX. Economic Benefits and Cultural Aspects of Volcanism
71. Utilization of Geothermal Resources / Stefán Arnórsson, Sverrir Thórhallsson and Andri Stefánsson
72. Volcanic Soils / Pierre Delmelle, Sophie Opfergelt, Jean-Thomas Cornelis and Chien-Lu Ping
73. Volcano Ecology: Disturbance Characteristics and Assembly of Biological Communities / Charles M. Crisafulli, Frederick J. Swanson, Jonathan J. Halvorson and Bruce D. Clarkson
74. Volcanic Materials in Commerce and Industry / Jonathan Dehn and Stephen R. McNutt
75. Volcanoes and Tourism / Patricia Erfurt-Cooper, Haraldur Sigurdsson and Rosaly M.C. Lopes
76. Volcanoes, Ancient People, and Their Societies / Payson Sheets
77. Volcanoes in Art / Haraldur Sigurdsson
78. Volcanoes in Literature and Film / Haraldur Sigurdsson and Rosaly M.C. Lopes

Appendix 1: Common Units and Conversion Factors
Appendix 2: Catalog of Earth’s Documented Holocene Eruptions

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Biography

Haraldur Sigurdsson is emeritus professor at the Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island in the United States of America. He has worked on volcanic processes and the geochemistry of volcanic rocks for over fifty years. His studies have in part been focused on the impact of volcanic activity on human populations, especially his work on Vesuvius in Italy, Tambora in Indonesia, El Chichon in Mexico and studies of deadly gas bursts from Cameroon crater lakes. He has also studied the global environmental effects of meteorite impacts, such as the one that marks the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. His books include Melting the Earth, accounting for the evolution of ideas about formation of magmas and the origin of volcanic eruptions. Haraldur is currently director of the Volcano Museum in Stykkisholmur, Iceland.

Bruce Houghton is the Gordon MacDonald Professor in Volcanology at University of Hawaii at Manoa and Hawaiian State Volcanologist and a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand. He is also Science Director at the National Disaster Preparedness Training Center at University of Hawaii. Previously he had a career of twenty five years as a volcanologist in New Zealand, culminating in leading the scientific response to the 1995-96 eruption of Ruapehu volcano. Bruce has published over 220 research papers in international journals and has worked in Alaska, Chile, El Salvador, Greece, Hawaii, Iceland, Italy, Germany, Nicaragua, Thailand and New Zealand.

Steve McNutt is a Professor in the School of Geosciences at the University of South Florida (USF). He has worked on volcanic processes using seismology, infrasound, and lightning instruments for over 35 years. He worked half time for the Alaska Volcano Observatory from 1991-2012 and was closely involved in monitoring efforts for eruptions at Spurr, Pavlof, Shishaldin, Augustine, Okmok, Kasatochi, and Redoubt volcanoes. He coordinates seismology research at USF, and presently supervises 3 graduate students and a Post-Doc. His research interests include: 1) studies of source and propagation effects for volcanic tremor, low-frequency events, and explosion earthquakes; 2) volcanic hazards assessments in Alaska, California, and Central America; 3) the mechanical behavior of volcanoes, including periodicity of eruptions, and the effects of earth tides, sea level variations, and tectonic stresses on triggering eruptive activity; 4) volcano infrasound; and 5) volcanic lightning. From July 1999 to July 2007 he served as Secretary-General for the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior.

Hazel Rymer is presently the Dean and Director of Studies in the Faculty of Science and Profesor of Environmental Volcanology. Hazel has developed and championed the use of microgravity as a tool for monitoring active volcanoes. She has used this method to identify sub-surface processes at calderas in a state of unrest and at persistently active volcanoes and this has given geoscientists considerable insight into the range of mechanisms responsible for initiating and sustaining volcanic activity. The technique Hazel pioneered is now the standard method for gravity monitoring on volcanoes; it remains the only way to quantify the sub-surface mass changes that occur before, during and after eruptions.

John Stix has studied active volcanoes for 26 years, specializing in volcanic gases, eruption mechanisms, and the impact of volcanic activity. He teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in volcanology, natural hazards, and environmental geology. He also is involved in field courses, where he exposes students to hands-on observations of natural processes such as volcanic eruptions and floods. He has been involved in many training courses and workshops in Canada, the US, and Latin America to teach volcanology. He has collaborated extensively with colleagues in Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Ecuador in volcano studies and volcanic hazards. From 2003 to 2010 he was the Editor-in-Chief of the Bulletin of Volcanology, the leading international journal related to the study of volcanoes and volcanism. He is currently part of an international team to drill into an active silicic magma body beneath Krafla volcano in Iceland.